Abstract
Beneficial plant–microbe interaction for enhancing crop yield and quality is a sustainable way to achieve eco-friendly, desirable agricultural productions. The main objective of this experiment was to evaluate the individual and combined effects of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) strain (Funneliformis mosseae) and a seaweed extract (SWE) derived from Ascophyllum nodosum, on the growth and physiological responses of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). Lettuce plants were inoculated with commercial AMF inoculum (5 g kg−1 soil), and SWE foliar application was done at three levels (0.5, 1.5, and 3 g L−1). The findings revealed that AMF along with SWE generated the greatest impact. In fact, co-application of AMF inoculation and 3 g L−1 SWE considerably enhanced root colonization, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, carotenoids, and mineral content in the shoots and roots (N, P, K, Ca, Fe, Zn, and Mn content) of lettuce plants. This combination improved initial fluorescence (F0), photochemical efficiency of PSII (FV/Fm) and Y(NO) and total antioxidant activity (TAA), whereas the maximum fluorescence, (Fm) and Y(II), showed the highest increase in lettuce plants treated with AMF and 1.5 g L−1 SWE. Furthermore, AMF inoculation along with SWE, at concentrations 1.5 and 3 g L−1, considerably enhanced variable fluorescence (FV) and the activity of water decomposition in electron donor photosystem II (FV/F0). As a result of these findings, it can be stated that the co-application of AMF and SWE positively improves the growth and development of lettuce plants.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
AMF plus 3 g L−1 SWE enhanced lettuce root colonization.
- Taxon
- lettuce
Lactuca sativat0 - Treatment
- AMF inoculation and 3 g L−1 SWEe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- root colonizatione0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“lettuce”
e0“co-application of AMF inoculation and 3 g L−1 SWE considerably enhanced root colonization”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF plus 3 g L−1 SWE enhanced chlorophyll and carotenoids.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- AMF inoculation and 3 g L−1 SWEe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, carotenoidse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“lettuce”
e0“co-application of AMF inoculation and 3 g L−1 SWE considerably enhanced root colonization, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, carotenoids”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF plus 3 g L−1 SWE enhanced shoot and root mineral content.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- AMF inoculation and 3 g L−1 SWEe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- mineral content in the shoots and roots (N, P, K, Ca, Fe, Zn, and Mn content)e0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“lettuce”
e0“co-application of AMF inoculation and 3 g L−1 SWE considerably enhanced root colonization, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, carotenoids, and mineral content in the shoots and roots (N, P, K, Ca, Fe, Zn, and Mn content)”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF plus 3 g L−1 SWE improved F0, FV/Fm, Y(NO) and antioxidant activity.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- This combinatione0
- Outcome
- initial fluorescence (F0), photochemical efficiency of PSII (FV/Fm) and Y(NO) and total antioxidant activity (TAA)e0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“lettuce”
e0“This combination improved initial fluorescence (F0), photochemical efficiency of PSII (FV/Fm) and Y(NO) and total antioxidant activity (TAA)”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF plus 1.5 g L−1 SWE gave the highest Fm and Y(II) increase.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- AMF and 1.5 g L−1 SWEe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- maximum fluorescence, (Fm) and Y(II)e0
- Direction
- highest increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“lettuce”
e0“the maximum fluorescence, (Fm) and Y(II), showed the highest increase in lettuce plants treated with AMF and 1.5 g L−1 SWE.”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF plus 1.5 g L−1 SWE enhanced FV and FV/F0.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativat0
- Treatment
- AMF inoculation along with SWE, at concentrations 1.5 and 3 g L−1e0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- variable fluorescence (FV) and the activity of water decomposition in electron donor photosystem II (FV/F0)e0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“lettuce”
e0“AMF inoculation along with SWE, at concentrations 1.5 and 3 g L−1, considerably enhanced variable fluorescence (FV) and the activity of water decomposition in electron donor photosystem II (FV/F0).”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.