Abstract
Abstract Backround The utilization of high-quality water in agriculture is increasingly constrained by climate change, affecting availability, quality, and distribution due to altered precipitation patterns, increased evaporation, extreme weather events, and rising salinity levels. Salinity significantly challenges salt-sensitive vegetables like lettuce, particularly in a greenhouse. Hydroponics water quality ensures nutrient solution stability, enhances nutrient uptake, prevents contamination, regulates pH and electrical conductivity, and maintains system components. This study aimed to mitigate salt-induced damage in lettuce grown via the floating culture method under 50 mM NaCl salinity by applying biostimulants. Results We examined lettuce’s physiological, biochemical, and agronomical responses to salt stress after applying biostimulants such as amino acids, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), fulvic acid, and chitosan. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse with a randomized complete block design, and each treatment was replicated four times. Biostimulant applications alleviated salt’s detrimental effects on plant weight, height, leaf number, and leaf area. Yield increases under 50 mM NaCl were 75%, 51%, 31%, 34%, and 33% using vermicompost, PGPR, fulvic acid, amino acid, and chitosan, respectively. Biostimulants improved stomatal conductance (58–189%), chlorophyll content (4–10%), nutrient uptake (15–109%), and water status (9–107%). They also reduced MDA content by 26–42%. PGPR (1.0 ml L ‒1 ), vermicompost (2 ml L ‒1 ), and fulvic acid (40 mg L ‒1 ) were particularly effective, enhancing growth, yield, phenol, and mineral content while reducing nitrate levels under saline conditions. Conclusions Biostimulants activated antioxidative defense systems, offering a sustainable, cost-effective solution for mitigating salt stress in hydroponic lettuce cultivation.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Biostimulants alleviated salt damage to lettuce weight, height, leaf number and area.
- Taxon
- lettuce
Lactuca sativae0 - Treatment
- Biostimulant applicationse1
- Outcome
- plant weight, height, leaf number, and leaf areae1
- Direction
- alleviatede1
- Qualifier
- 50 mM NaCl salinitye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“lettuce grown via the floating culture method under 50 mM NaCl salinity”
e1“Biostimulant applications alleviated salt’s detrimental effects on plant weight, height, leaf number, and leaf area”
Claim · model-written summary
Vermicompost raised yield under salinity by 75%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“salt stress in hydroponic lettuce cultivation”
e1“Yield increases under 50 mM NaCl were 75%, 51%, 31%, 34%, and 33% using vermicompost, PGPR, fulvic acid, amino acid, and chitosan, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
PGPR raised yield under salinity by 51%.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- PGPRe1
- Interactor
- PGPRe1symbiont
- Outcome
- Yielde1
- Direction
- increasese1
- Value
- 51%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“salt stress in hydroponic lettuce cultivation”
e1“Yield increases under 50 mM NaCl were 75%, 51%, 31%, 34%, and 33% using vermicompost, PGPR, fulvic acid, amino acid, and chitosan, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Fulvic acid raised yield under salinity by 31%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“salt stress in hydroponic lettuce cultivation”
e1“Yield increases under 50 mM NaCl were 75%, 51%, 31%, 34%, and 33% using vermicompost, PGPR, fulvic acid, amino acid, and chitosan, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Amino acid raised yield under salinity by 34%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“salt stress in hydroponic lettuce cultivation”
e1“Yield increases under 50 mM NaCl were 75%, 51%, 31%, 34%, and 33% using vermicompost, PGPR, fulvic acid, amino acid, and chitosan, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Chitosan raised yield under salinity by 33%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“salt stress in hydroponic lettuce cultivation”
e1“Yield increases under 50 mM NaCl were 75%, 51%, 31%, 34%, and 33% using vermicompost, PGPR, fulvic acid, amino acid, and chitosan, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Biostimulants improved stomatal conductance by 58–189%.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- Biostimulantse1
- Outcome
- stomatal conductancee1
- Direction
- improvede1
- Value
- 58–189%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“salt stress in hydroponic lettuce cultivation”
e1“Biostimulants improved stomatal conductance (58–189%), chlorophyll content (4–10%), nutrient uptake (15–109%), and water status (9–107%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Biostimulants improved chlorophyll content by 4–10%.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- Biostimulantse1
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contente1
- Direction
- improvede1
- Value
- 4–10%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“salt stress in hydroponic lettuce cultivation”
e1“Biostimulants improved stomatal conductance (58–189%), chlorophyll content (4–10%), nutrient uptake (15–109%), and water status (9–107%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Biostimulants improved nutrient uptake by 15–109%.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- Biostimulantse1
- Outcome
- nutrient uptakee1
- Direction
- improvede1
- Value
- 15–109%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“salt stress in hydroponic lettuce cultivation”
e1“Biostimulants improved stomatal conductance (58–189%), chlorophyll content (4–10%), nutrient uptake (15–109%), and water status (9–107%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Biostimulants improved water status by 9–107%.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- Biostimulantse1
- Outcome
- water statuse1
- Direction
- improvede1
- Value
- 9–107%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“salt stress in hydroponic lettuce cultivation”
e1“Biostimulants improved stomatal conductance (58–189%), chlorophyll content (4–10%), nutrient uptake (15–109%), and water status (9–107%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Biostimulants reduced MDA content by 26–42%.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- Biostimulantse2
- Outcome
- MDA contente1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 26–42%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“salt stress in hydroponic lettuce cultivation”
e1“They also reduced MDA content by 26–42%”
e2“Biostimulants improved stomatal conductance”
Claim · model-written summary
PGPR was especially effective for growth, yield, phenol and mineral content and nitrate reduction.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- PGPR (1.0 ml L ‒1 )e1
- Interactor
- PGPRe1symbiont
- Outcome
- growth, yield, phenol, and mineral contente1
- Direction
- enhancinge1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“salt stress in hydroponic lettuce cultivation”
e1“PGPR (1.0 ml L ‒1 ), vermicompost (2 ml L ‒1 ), and fulvic acid (40 mg L ‒1 ) were particularly effective, enhancing growth, yield, phenol, and mineral content while reducing nitrate levels under saline conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Vermicompost was especially effective for growth, yield, phenol and mineral content and nitrate reduction.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- vermicompost (2 ml L ‒1 )e1
- Outcome
- growth, yield, phenol, and mineral contente1
- Direction
- enhancinge1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“salt stress in hydroponic lettuce cultivation”
e1“PGPR (1.0 ml L ‒1 ), vermicompost (2 ml L ‒1 ), and fulvic acid (40 mg L ‒1 ) were particularly effective, enhancing growth, yield, phenol, and mineral content while reducing nitrate levels under saline conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Fulvic acid was especially effective for growth, yield, phenol and mineral content and nitrate reduction.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- fulvic acid (40 mg L ‒1 )e1
- Outcome
- growth, yield, phenol, and mineral contente1
- Direction
- enhancinge1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“salt stress in hydroponic lettuce cultivation”
e1“PGPR (1.0 ml L ‒1 ), vermicompost (2 ml L ‒1 ), and fulvic acid (40 mg L ‒1 ) were particularly effective, enhancing growth, yield, phenol, and mineral content while reducing nitrate levels under saline conditions”
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See all 36 papers →8 of 14 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.