Abstract
This study assessed the impact of biofertilisers on primary and secondary (specialised) metabolites in six lettuce cultivars (‘Kiribati’, ‘Murai’, ‘Aquino’, ‘Gaugin’, ‘Aleppo’, and ‘Carmesi’) grown in anthropogenic soil during an autumn greenhouse experiment. Four treatments were tested: control (no fertilisation), effective microorganisms (EM), Trichoderma, and their combination. Red cultivars showed higher total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and total phenolic content (TPC), with red Lollo ‘Carmesi’ having the highest TAC, TPC, carotenoids, total soluble solids, sweetness index, and sugars. Red Oak ‘Murai’ exhibited the highest chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll, while green cultivars ‘Kiribati’ and ‘Aquino’ excelled in chlorophyll a and overall taste, respectively. Biofertilisers did not affect TAC or most chlorophyll types but increased TPC (EM by 18.6% and combined treatment by 19.6%) and chlorophyll a (EM by 28.6% and Trichoderma by 23.8%). Combined fertilisers improved taste with reduced glucose and fructose content and sweetness index, though sucrose remained unchanged compared to the control. Major organic acids (malic, citric, and tartaric) were most abundant in ‘Murai’ and ‘Kiribati’, unaffected by treatments. Phenolics content peaked in ‘Murai’ and ‘Carmesi’, characterised by chicoric and chlorogenic acid, caffeoylquinic acid glucoside, and flavonoids (quercetin derivatives, kaempferol); biofertilisers mainly influenced gallic acid, while kaempferol was affected by all biofertilisers and increased in the range of 12.5–25%. The key sesquiterpene lactones identified were lactucin, lactucopicrin-15-oxalate, and 11β,13-dihydrolactucin. The content of sesquiterpene lactones analysed in this study increased significantly, especially with EM treatment (14.7–185.7%) and combined fertilisers (12.5–128.6%), highlighting the lactone-rich cultivars ‘Carmesi’ and ‘Gaugin’. Red cultivars ‘Carmesi’ and ‘Murai’ exhibited the most favourable phytochemical profiles, suitable for cultivation and processing of quality-based products. In contrast, the green cultivar ‘Aquino’ received the highest sensory scores, delivering the most appealing overall taste despite its lower metabolite content. EM treatment and combined fertilisers are recommended for increasing chlorophyll a, myo-inositol, TSS, propionic acid, TPC, kaempferol, and major lactones under greenhouse autumn conditions.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Lollo ‘Carmesi’ had the highest TAC, TPC and carotenoids among the lettuce cultivars.
- Taxon
- lettuce
Lactuca sativae0 - Material
- Lollo ‘Carmesi’e1
- Outcome
- TAC, TPC, carotenoidse1
- Direction
- higheste1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“six lettuce cultivars”
e1“with red Lollo ‘Carmesi’ having the highest TAC, TPC, carotenoids, total soluble solids, sweetness index, and sugars”
Claim · model-written summary
Lollo ‘Carmesi’ had the highest total soluble solids, sweetness index and sugars among the lettuce cultivars.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Material
- Lollo ‘Carmesi’e1
- Outcome
- total soluble solids, sweetness index, and sugarse1
- Direction
- higheste1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“six lettuce cultivars”
e1“with red Lollo ‘Carmesi’ having the highest TAC, TPC, carotenoids, total soluble solids, sweetness index, and sugars”
Claim · model-written summary
Red Oak ‘Murai’ had the highest chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Material
- Red Oak ‘Murai’e2
- Outcome
- chlorophyll b and total chlorophylle2
- Direction
- higheste2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“six lettuce cultivars”
e2“Red Oak ‘Murai’ exhibited the highest chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll”
Claim · model-written summary
Green cultivar ‘Kiribati’ excelled in chlorophyll a.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Material
- green cultivars ‘Kiribati’e3
- Outcome
- chlorophyll ae3
- Direction
- excellede3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“six lettuce cultivars”
e3“green cultivars ‘Kiribati’ and ‘Aquino’ excelled in chlorophyll a and overall taste, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Green cultivar ‘Aquino’ excelled in overall taste.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Material
- ‘Aquino’e3
- Outcome
- overall tastee3
- Direction
- excellede3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“six lettuce cultivars”
e3“green cultivars ‘Kiribati’ and ‘Aquino’ excelled in chlorophyll a and overall taste, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Biofertilisers did not affect total antioxidant capacity or most chlorophyll types.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- Biofertiliserse4
- Outcome
- TACe4
- Direction
- did not affecte4
- Comparator
- controle5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“six lettuce cultivars”
e4“Biofertilisers did not affect TAC or most chlorophyll types”
e5“Four treatments were tested: control (no fertilisation), effective microorganisms (EM), Trichoderma, and their combination”
Claim · model-written summary
EM increased total phenolic content by 18.6% relative to control.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- EMe6
- Interactor
- EMe6symbiont
- Outcome
- TPCe6
- Direction
- increasede6
- Value
- 18.6%e6
- Comparator
- controle5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“six lettuce cultivars”
e5“Four treatments were tested: control (no fertilisation), effective microorganisms (EM), Trichoderma, and their combination”
e6“but increased TPC (EM by 18.6% and combined treatment by 19.6%) and chlorophyll a (EM by 28.6% and Trichoderma by 23.8%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined treatment increased total phenolic content by 19.6% relative to control.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- combined treatmente6
- Outcome
- TPCe6
- Direction
- increasede6
- Value
- 19.6%e6
- Comparator
- controle5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“six lettuce cultivars”
e5“Four treatments were tested: control (no fertilisation), effective microorganisms (EM), Trichoderma, and their combination”
e6“but increased TPC (EM by 18.6% and combined treatment by 19.6%) and chlorophyll a (EM by 28.6% and Trichoderma by 23.8%)”
Claim · model-written summary
EM increased chlorophyll a by 28.6% relative to control.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- EMe6
- Interactor
- EMe6symbiont
- Outcome
- chlorophyll ae6
- Direction
- increasede6
- Value
- 28.6%e6
- Comparator
- controle5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“six lettuce cultivars”
e5“Four treatments were tested: control (no fertilisation), effective microorganisms (EM), Trichoderma, and their combination”
e6“but increased TPC (EM by 18.6% and combined treatment by 19.6%) and chlorophyll a (EM by 28.6% and Trichoderma by 23.8%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma increased chlorophyll a by 23.8% relative to control.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- Trichodermae6
- Interactor
- Trichoderma
Trichodermae6symbiont - Outcome
- chlorophyll ae6
- Direction
- increasede6
- Value
- 23.8%e6
- Comparator
- controle5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“six lettuce cultivars”
e5“Four treatments were tested: control (no fertilisation), effective microorganisms (EM), Trichoderma, and their combination”
e6“but increased TPC (EM by 18.6% and combined treatment by 19.6%) and chlorophyll a (EM by 28.6% and Trichoderma by 23.8%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined fertilisers improved taste relative to control.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- Combined fertiliserse7
- Outcome
- tastee7
- Direction
- improvede7
- Comparator
- controle7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“six lettuce cultivars”
e5“Four treatments were tested: control (no fertilisation), effective microorganisms (EM), Trichoderma, and their combination”
e7“Combined fertilisers improved taste with reduced glucose and fructose content and sweetness index, though sucrose remained unchanged compared to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined fertilisers reduced glucose and fructose content and sweetness index.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- Combined fertiliserse7
- Outcome
- glucose and fructose content and sweetness indexe7
- Direction
- reducede7
- Comparator
- controle7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“six lettuce cultivars”
e7“Combined fertilisers improved taste with reduced glucose and fructose content and sweetness index, though sucrose remained unchanged compared to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Sucrose remained unchanged under combined fertilisers compared to control.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- Combined fertiliserse7
- Outcome
- sucrosee7
- Direction
- remained unchangede7
- Comparator
- controle7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“six lettuce cultivars”
e7“Combined fertilisers improved taste with reduced glucose and fructose content and sweetness index, though sucrose remained unchanged compared to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Major organic acids were most abundant in ‘Murai’ and ‘Kiribati’.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Material
- ‘Murai’ and ‘Kiribati’e1
- Outcome
- Major organic acids (malic, citric, and tartaric)e1
- Direction
- most abundante1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“six lettuce cultivars”
e1“Major organic acids (malic, citric, and tartaric) were most abundant in ‘Murai’ and ‘Kiribati’, unaffected by treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Major organic acids were unaffected by treatments.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- treatmentse1
- Outcome
- Major organic acids (malic, citric, and tartaric)e1
- Direction
- unaffectede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“six lettuce cultivars”
e1“Major organic acids (malic, citric, and tartaric) were most abundant in ‘Murai’ and ‘Kiribati’, unaffected by treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Phenolic content peaked in ‘Murai’ and ‘Carmesi’.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Material
- ‘Murai’ and ‘Carmesi’e2
- Outcome
- Phenolics contente2
- Direction
- peakede2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“six lettuce cultivars”
e2“Phenolics content peaked in ‘Murai’ and ‘Carmesi’”
Claim · model-written summary
EM treatment increased sesquiterpene lactone content by 14.7–185.7%.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- EM treatmente3
- Interactor
- EMe3symbiont
- Outcome
- content of sesquiterpene lactonese3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Value
- 14.7–185.7%e3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“six lettuce cultivars”
e3“The content of sesquiterpene lactones analysed in this study increased significantly, especially with EM treatment (14.7–185.7%) and combined fertilisers (12.5–128.6%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined fertilisers increased sesquiterpene lactone content by 12.5–128.6%.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- combined fertiliserse3
- Outcome
- content of sesquiterpene lactonese3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Value
- 12.5–128.6%e3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“six lettuce cultivars”
e3“The content of sesquiterpene lactones analysed in this study increased significantly, especially with EM treatment (14.7–185.7%) and combined fertilisers (12.5–128.6%)”
Claim · model-written summary
All biofertilisers increased kaempferol by 12.5–25%.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- all biofertiliserse4
- Outcome
- kaempferole4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Value
- 12.5–25%e4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“six lettuce cultivars”
e4“while kaempferol was affected by all biofertilisers and increased in the range of 12.5–25%”
Claim · model-written summary
EM treatment and combined fertilisers are recommended for increasing chlorophyll a, myo-inositol, TSS, propionic acid, TPC, kaempferol and major lactones under greenhouse autumn conditions.
- Taxon
- lettuceLactuca sativae0
- Treatment
- EM treatment and combined fertiliserse5
- Outcome
- increasing chlorophyll a, myo-inositol, TSS, propionic acid, TPC, kaempferol, and major lactonese5
- Setting
- greenhouse autumn conditionse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“six lettuce cultivars”
e5“EM treatment and combined fertilisers are recommended for increasing chlorophyll a, myo-inositol, TSS, propionic acid, TPC, kaempferol, and major lactones under greenhouse autumn conditions”
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