Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is one the leading environmental contaminants. The Cd toxicity and its potential stabilization strategies have been investigated in the recent years. However, the combined effects of biochar and microorganisms on the adsorption of Cd and maize plant physiology, still remained unclear. Therefore, this experiment was conducted to evaluate the combined effects of biochar (BC) pyrolyzed from (maize-straw, cow-manure, and poultry-manure, and microorganisms [ Trichoderma harzianum (fungus) and Bacillus subtilis (bacteria)], on plant nutrient uptake under various Cd-stress levels (0, 10, and 30 ppm). The highest level of Cd stress (30 ppm) caused the highest reduction in maize plant biomass, intercellular CO 2 , transpiration rate, water use efficiency, stomatal conductance, and photosynthesis rate as compared to control Cd 0 (0 ppm). The sole application of BC and microorganisms significantly improved plant growth, intercellular CO 2 , transpiration rate, water use efficiency, stomatal conductance, and photosynthesis rate and caused a significant reduction in root and shoot Cd. However, the co-application of BC and microorganisms was more effective than the sole applications. In this regard, the highest improvement in plant growth and carbon assimilation, and highest reduction in root and shoot Cd was recorded from co-application of cow-manure and combined inoculation of Trichoderma harzianum (fungus) + Bacillus subtilis (bacteria) under Cd stress. However, due to the aging factor and biochar leaching alkalinity, the effectiveness of biochar in removing Cd may diminish over time, necessitating long-term experiments to improve understanding of biochar and microbial efficiency for specific bioremediation aims.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
The highest Cd stress (30 ppm) caused the highest reduction in maize plant biomass compared with Cd 0 control.
- Treatment
- highest level of Cd stress (30 ppm)e0
- Outcome
- maize plant biomasse0
- Direction
- highest reductione0
- Comparator
- control Cd 0 (0 ppm)e0
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest level of Cd stress (30 ppm) caused the highest reduction in maize plant biomass, intercellular CO 2 , transpiration rate, water use efficiency, stomatal conductance, and photosynthesis rate as compared to control Cd 0 (0 ppm)”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest Cd stress (30 ppm) caused the highest reduction in intercellular CO2 and transpiration rate compared with Cd 0 control.
- Treatment
- highest level of Cd stress (30 ppm)e0
- Outcome
- intercellular CO 2 , transpiration ratee0
- Direction
- highest reductione0
- Comparator
- control Cd 0 (0 ppm)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest level of Cd stress (30 ppm) caused the highest reduction in maize plant biomass, intercellular CO 2 , transpiration rate, water use efficiency, stomatal conductance, and photosynthesis rate as compared to control Cd 0 (0 ppm)”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest Cd stress (30 ppm) caused the highest reduction in water use efficiency, stomatal conductance and photosynthesis rate compared with Cd 0 control.
- Treatment
- highest level of Cd stress (30 ppm)e0
- Outcome
- water use efficiency, stomatal conductance, and photosynthesis ratee0
- Direction
- highest reductione0
- Comparator
- control Cd 0 (0 ppm)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest level of Cd stress (30 ppm) caused the highest reduction in maize plant biomass, intercellular CO 2 , transpiration rate, water use efficiency, stomatal conductance, and photosynthesis rate as compared to control Cd 0 (0 ppm)”
Claim · model-written summary
The sole application of biochar and microorganisms significantly improved maize plant growth.
- Treatment
- sole application of BC and microorganismse1
- Interactor
- microorganismse1symbiont
- Outcome
- plant growthe1
- Direction
- improvede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest level of Cd stress (30 ppm) caused the highest reduction in maize plant biomass, intercellular CO 2 , transpiration rate, water use efficiency, stomatal conductance, and photosynthesis rate as compared to control Cd 0 (0 ppm)”
e1“The sole application of BC and microorganisms significantly improved plant growth, intercellular CO 2 , transpiration rate, water use efficiency, stomatal conductance, and photosynthesis rate and caused a significant reduction in root and shoot Cd”
Claim · model-written summary
The sole application of biochar and microorganisms significantly improved intercellular CO2 and transpiration rate in maize.
- Treatment
- sole application of BC and microorganismse1
- Interactor
- microorganismse1symbiont
- Outcome
- intercellular CO 2 , transpiration ratee1
- Direction
- improvede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest level of Cd stress (30 ppm) caused the highest reduction in maize plant biomass, intercellular CO 2 , transpiration rate, water use efficiency, stomatal conductance, and photosynthesis rate as compared to control Cd 0 (0 ppm)”
e1“The sole application of BC and microorganisms significantly improved plant growth, intercellular CO 2 , transpiration rate, water use efficiency, stomatal conductance, and photosynthesis rate and caused a significant reduction in root and shoot Cd”
Claim · model-written summary
The sole application of biochar and microorganisms significantly improved water use efficiency, stomatal conductance and photosynthesis rate in maize.
- Treatment
- sole application of BC and microorganismse1
- Interactor
- microorganismse1symbiont
- Outcome
- water use efficiency, stomatal conductance, and photosynthesis ratee1
- Direction
- improvede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest level of Cd stress (30 ppm) caused the highest reduction in maize plant biomass, intercellular CO 2 , transpiration rate, water use efficiency, stomatal conductance, and photosynthesis rate as compared to control Cd 0 (0 ppm)”
e1“The sole application of BC and microorganisms significantly improved plant growth, intercellular CO 2 , transpiration rate, water use efficiency, stomatal conductance, and photosynthesis rate and caused a significant reduction in root and shoot Cd”
Claim · model-written summary
The sole application of biochar and microorganisms significantly reduced root and shoot Cd in maize.
- Treatment
- sole application of BC and microorganismse1
- Interactor
- microorganismse1symbiont
- Outcome
- root and shoot Cde1
- Direction
- reductione1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest level of Cd stress (30 ppm) caused the highest reduction in maize plant biomass, intercellular CO 2 , transpiration rate, water use efficiency, stomatal conductance, and photosynthesis rate as compared to control Cd 0 (0 ppm)”
e1“The sole application of BC and microorganisms significantly improved plant growth, intercellular CO 2 , transpiration rate, water use efficiency, stomatal conductance, and photosynthesis rate and caused a significant reduction in root and shoot Cd”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-application of biochar and microorganisms was more effective than the sole applications in maize under Cd stress.
- Treatment
- co-application of BC and microorganismse2
- Outcome
- effectivee2
- Direction
- more effectivee2
- Comparator
- sole applicationse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest level of Cd stress (30 ppm) caused the highest reduction in maize plant biomass, intercellular CO 2 , transpiration rate, water use efficiency, stomatal conductance, and photosynthesis rate as compared to control Cd 0 (0 ppm)”
e2“the co-application of BC and microorganisms was more effective than the sole applications”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-application of cow-manure biochar with combined Trichoderma harzianum and Bacillus subtilis gave the highest improvement in maize growth and carbon assimilation under Cd stress.
- Treatment
- co-application of cow-manure and combined inoculation of Trichoderma harzianum (fungus) + Bacillus subtilis (bacteria)e3
- Interactor
- Trichoderma harzianum
Trichoderma harzianume3symbiont - Second interactor
- Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilise3symbiont - Outcome
- plant growth and carbon assimilatione3
- Direction
- highest improvemente3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest level of Cd stress (30 ppm) caused the highest reduction in maize plant biomass, intercellular CO 2 , transpiration rate, water use efficiency, stomatal conductance, and photosynthesis rate as compared to control Cd 0 (0 ppm)”
e3“the highest improvement in plant growth and carbon assimilation, and highest reduction in root and shoot Cd was recorded from co-application of cow-manure and combined inoculation of Trichoderma harzianum (fungus) + Bacillus subtilis (bacteria) under Cd stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-application of cow-manure biochar with combined Trichoderma harzianum and Bacillus subtilis gave the highest reduction in root and shoot Cd under Cd stress.
- Treatment
- co-application of cow-manure and combined inoculation of Trichoderma harzianum (fungus) + Bacillus subtilis (bacteria)e3
- Interactor
- Trichoderma harzianumTrichoderma harzianume3symbiont
- Second interactor
- Bacillus subtilisBacillus subtilise3symbiont
- Outcome
- root and shoot Cde3
- Direction
- highest reductione3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest level of Cd stress (30 ppm) caused the highest reduction in maize plant biomass, intercellular CO 2 , transpiration rate, water use efficiency, stomatal conductance, and photosynthesis rate as compared to control Cd 0 (0 ppm)”
e3“the highest improvement in plant growth and carbon assimilation, and highest reduction in root and shoot Cd was recorded from co-application of cow-manure and combined inoculation of Trichoderma harzianum (fungus) + Bacillus subtilis (bacteria) under Cd stress”
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See all 5 papers →8 of 18 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.