Abstract
This study investigated the influence of spent mushroom compost (SMC) of Pleurotus eous strain P-31 on the growth, development and soil rhizobial population associated with nodulation of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata Walp.) black-eye variety, under greenhouse conditions at 28 ± 2ºC for 12 weeks. Sandy loam soil was combined with different percentages of SMC to obtain the following combinations (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 100%). Lower concentrations, SMC (5%–25%) promoted plant height, number of leaves, total leaf area, total chlorophyll, chlorophyll a and b as well as dry matter accumulation of shoot and roots after 12 weeks at 28°C–32°C. Soil: SMC concentrations beyond 30% SMC variably depressed the various developmental criteria used in assessing growth. The trend obtained in the assessed parameter were statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05) in decreasing order: 5% SMC < 10% SMC < 15% SMC, < 20% SMC, < 25% SMC, < 30% SMC, < 100% SMC. The cowpea plant efficiently assimilated nitrogen (N2) from the soil: compost. Nodule formation by cowpea was commensurate with increasing percentage of spent compost was highest in 5% SMC (89/plant) and declined with increasing proportion of SMC: soil mixture up to 25% but nodulation of cowpea plant was completely depressed in the absence of soil (100% SMC) pots. The Nodule Index data showed that the best nodule size and weight were formed by cowpea growing in medium containing 5% SMC (18) and 10% SMC (12) and thereafter declined. The nodules were red to pinkish in colour epitomising leghaemoglobin which could initiate nodulation and N2 fixation in soil. This study has shown that 5% SMC–20% SMC could provide favourable conditions in soil as a biofertiliser to improve the growth, development and nodulation of cowpea.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Compost at 5–25% promoted cowpea plant height, leaf number and leaf area.
- Taxon
- cowpea
Vigna unguiculatat0 - Treatment
- SMC (5%–25%)e0
- Outcome
- plant height, number of leaves, total leaf areae0
- Direction
- promotede0
- Qualifier
- after 12 weeks at 28°C–32°Ce0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Lower concentrations, SMC (5%–25%) promoted plant height, number of leaves, total leaf area, total chlorophyll, chlorophyll a and b as well as dry matter accumulation of shoot and roots after 12 weeks at 28°C–32°C.”
t0“cowpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Compost at 5–25% promoted cowpea total chlorophyll and chlorophyll a and b.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- SMC (5%–25%)e0
- Outcome
- total chlorophyll, chlorophyll a and be0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Lower concentrations, SMC (5%–25%) promoted plant height, number of leaves, total leaf area, total chlorophyll, chlorophyll a and b as well as dry matter accumulation of shoot and roots after 12 weeks at 28°C–32°C.”
t0“cowpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Compost at 5–25% promoted cowpea shoot and root dry matter accumulation.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- SMC (5%–25%)e0
- Outcome
- dry matter accumulation of shoot and rootse0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Lower concentrations, SMC (5%–25%) promoted plant height, number of leaves, total leaf area, total chlorophyll, chlorophyll a and b as well as dry matter accumulation of shoot and roots after 12 weeks at 28°C–32°C.”
t0“cowpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Compost proportions beyond 30% depressed the assessed cowpea growth criteria.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Treatment
- concentrations beyond 30% SMCe0
- Outcome
- various developmental criteria used in assessing growthe0
- Direction
- depressede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soil: SMC concentrations beyond 30% SMC variably depressed the various developmental criteria used in assessing growth.”
t0“cowpea”
Claim · model-written summary
Cowpea assimilated nitrogen from the soil-compost mixture.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae0
- Outcome
- assimilated nitrogen (N2)e0
- Direction
- efficientlye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The cowpea plant efficiently assimilated nitrogen (N2) from the soil: compost.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cowpea nodulation was highest at 5% compost, at 89 nodules per plant.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae0
- Treatment
- 5% SMCe0
- Outcome
- Nodule formatione0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 89/plante0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nodule formation by cowpea was commensurate with increasing percentage of spent compost was highest in 5% SMC (89/plant) and declined with increasing proportion of SMC: soil mixture up to 25% but nodulation of cowpea plant was completely depressed in the absence of soil (100% SMC) pots.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cowpea nodulation declined as compost proportion increased up to 25%.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae0
- Treatment
- increasing proportion of SMC: soil mixture up to 25%e0
- Outcome
- nodulatione0
- Direction
- declinede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nodule formation by cowpea was commensurate with increasing percentage of spent compost was highest in 5% SMC (89/plant) and declined with increasing proportion of SMC: soil mixture up to 25% but nodulation of cowpea plant was completely depressed in the absence of soil (100% SMC) pots.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cowpea nodulation was completely depressed at 100% compost without soil.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae0
- Treatment
- 100% SMCe0
- Outcome
- nodulatione0
- Direction
- completely depressede0
- Comparator
- absence of soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nodulation of cowpea plant was completely depressed in the absence of soil (100% SMC) pots.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cowpea at 5% compost had the best nodule size and weight, with index 18.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae0
- Treatment
- 5% SMCe0
- Outcome
- nodule size and weighte0
- Direction
- beste0
- Value
- 18e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The Nodule Index data showed that the best nodule size and weight were formed by cowpea growing in medium containing 5% SMC (18) and 10% SMC (12) and thereafter declined.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cowpea at 10% compost had a nodule index of 12.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae0
- Treatment
- 10% SMCe0
- Outcome
- Nodule Indexe0
- Value
- 12e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The Nodule Index data showed that the best nodule size and weight were formed by cowpea growing in medium containing 5% SMC (18) and 10% SMC (12) and thereafter declined.”
Claim · model-written summary
Nodule size and weight declined beyond the lower compost levels.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae0
- Treatment
- SMCe0
- Outcome
- nodule size and weighte0
- Direction
- declinede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The Nodule Index data showed that the best nodule size and weight were formed by cowpea growing in medium containing 5% SMC (18) and 10% SMC (12) and thereafter declined.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cowpea nodules were red to pinkish.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatat0
- Organ / stage
- nodulese0
- Outcome
- red to pinkish in coloure0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The nodules were red to pinkish in colour epitomising leghaemoglobin which could initiate nodulation and N2 fixation in soil.”
t0“cowpea”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that 5–20% compost could improve cowpea growth, development and nodulation as a biofertiliser.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae0
- Outcome
- 5% SMC–20% SMC could provide favourable conditions in soil as a biofertiliser to improve the growth, development and nodulation of cowpeae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This study has shown that 5% SMC–20% SMC could provide favourable conditions in soil as a biofertiliser to improve the growth, development and nodulation of cowpea.”
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