Abstract
Abstract Background Yellow (stripe) rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), is an economic disease of wheat. Growth-promoting fungi (GPF) such as Trichoderma asperellum and Penicillium simplicissimum have been investigated for their potential to control yellow rust and their involvement in gene expression of four PR proteins for all-stage resistance. Results Wheat plants (cv. Sids-12) treated individually with each of the biocontrol agents, P. simplicissimum and T. asperellum , at 24 and 48 hpi showed a resistance response (infection type = 2) to yellow rust, compared to the non-treated plants, which showed highly susceptible response (infection type = 9). Both biocontrol agents induced resistance against yellow rust on wheat plants, exhibiting a moderate resistance (10 MR) and reduced the colony size of Pst (0.6 mm 2 ). Moreover, P. simplicissimum and T. asperellum increased ( P ≤ 0.05) the grain yields of wheat plants infected with Pst. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) of yellow rust infected wheat leaves treated with P. simplicissimum and T. asperellum at 24 and 48 hpi showed hyperparasitism on Pst urediniospores and inhibition of the spore germination. Expressions of pathogenesis-related ( PR ) protein genes, PR1, PR2, PR3 and PR4 were higher in wheat plants treated with both biocontrol agents than the non-treated checks. Conclusion P. simplicissimum and T. asperellum exhibited biocontrol potential against yellow rust disease caused by P. striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) on wheat plants. It was found that wheat defence mechanism against Pst was activated by a high expression of PR protein genes induced by both biocontrol agents.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Penicillium simplicissimum treatment gave resistant infection type 2 versus susceptible type 9 in untreated wheat.
- Taxon
- Wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Material
- cv. Sids-12e0
- Treatment
- P. simplicissimume0
- Interactor
- Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici
Puccinia striiformis f. sp. triticit0pathogen - Second interactor
- P. simplicissimumPenicillium simplicissimume0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- resistance responsee0
- Value
- infection type = 2e0
- Qualifier
- infection type = 9e0
- Comparator
- non-treated plantse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Wheat plants (cv. Sids-12) treated individually with each of the biocontrol agents, P. simplicissimum and T. asperellum , at 24 and 48 hpi showed a resistance response (infection type = 2) to yellow rust, compared to the non-treated plants, which showed highly susceptible response (infection type = 9).”
t0“Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici in wheat plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma asperellum treatment gave resistant infection type 2 versus susceptible type 9 in untreated wheat.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivume0
- Material
- cv. Sids-12e0
- Treatment
- T. asperellume0
- Interactor
- Puccinia striiformis f. sp. triticiPuccinia striiformis f. sp. triticit0pathogen
- Second interactor
- T. asperellum
Trichoderma asperellume0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- resistance responsee0
- Value
- infection type = 2e0
- Qualifier
- infection type = 9e0
- Comparator
- non-treated plantse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Wheat plants (cv. Sids-12) treated individually with each of the biocontrol agents, P. simplicissimum and T. asperellum , at 24 and 48 hpi showed a resistance response (infection type = 2) to yellow rust, compared to the non-treated plants, which showed highly susceptible response (infection type = 9).”
t0“Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici in wheat plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Penicillium treatment reduced Pst colony size to 0.6 mm 2.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- P. simplicissimume1
- Interactor
- Pste0pathogen
- Second interactor
- P. simplicissimumPenicillium simplicissimume1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- colony size of Pste0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 0.6 mm 2e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both biocontrol agents induced resistance against yellow rust on wheat plants, exhibiting a moderate resistance (10 MR) and reduced the colony size of Pst (0.6 mm 2 ).”
e1“P. simplicissimum and T. asperellum increased ( P ≤ 0.05) the grain yields of wheat plants infected with Pst.”
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma treatment reduced Pst colony size to 0.6 mm 2.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- T. asperellume1
- Interactor
- Pste0pathogen
- Second interactor
- T. asperellumTrichoderma asperellume1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- colony size of Pste0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 0.6 mm 2e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both biocontrol agents induced resistance against yellow rust on wheat plants, exhibiting a moderate resistance (10 MR) and reduced the colony size of Pst (0.6 mm 2 ).”
e1“P. simplicissimum and T. asperellum increased ( P ≤ 0.05) the grain yields of wheat plants infected with Pst.”
Claim · model-written summary
Penicillium increased grain yield of Pst-infected wheat significantly.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- P. simplicissimume0
- Interactor
- Pste0pathogen
- Outcome
- grain yieldse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“P. simplicissimum and T. asperellum increased ( P ≤ 0.05) the grain yields of wheat plants infected with Pst.”
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma increased grain yield of Pst-infected wheat significantly.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- T. asperellume0
- Interactor
- Pste0pathogen
- Outcome
- grain yieldse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“P. simplicissimum and T. asperellum increased ( P ≤ 0.05) the grain yields of wheat plants infected with Pst.”
Claim · model-written summary
Penicillium hyperparasitized Pst urediniospores and inhibited their germination.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- P. simplicissimume0
- Interactor
- Pste0pathogen
- Second interactor
- P. simplicissimumPenicillium simplicissimume0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- hyperparasitism on Pst urediniospores and inhibition of the spore germinatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Scanning electron microscope (SEM) of yellow rust infected wheat leaves treated with P. simplicissimum and T. asperellum at 24 and 48 hpi showed hyperparasitism on Pst urediniospores and inhibition of the spore germination.”
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma hyperparasitized Pst urediniospores and inhibited their germination.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- T. asperellume0
- Interactor
- Pste0pathogen
- Second interactor
- T. asperellumTrichoderma asperellume0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- hyperparasitism on Pst urediniospores and inhibition of the spore germinatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Scanning electron microscope (SEM) of yellow rust infected wheat leaves treated with P. simplicissimum and T. asperellum at 24 and 48 hpi showed hyperparasitism on Pst urediniospores and inhibition of the spore germination.”
Claim · model-written summary
Penicillium raised wheat PR1–PR4 gene expression versus untreated checks.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- P. simplicissimume1
- Interactor
- P. simplicissimumPenicillium simplicissimume1biocontrol_agent
- Gene
- PR1, PR2, PR3 and PR4e0
- Outcome
- Expressions of pathogenesis-related ( PR ) protein genese0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- non-treated checkse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Expressions of pathogenesis-related ( PR ) protein genes, PR1, PR2, PR3 and PR4 were higher in wheat plants treated with both biocontrol agents than the non-treated checks.”
e1“P. simplicissimum and T. asperellum increased ( P ≤ 0.05) the grain yields of wheat plants infected with Pst.”
Claim · model-written summary
Trichoderma raised wheat PR1–PR4 gene expression versus untreated checks.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- T. asperellume1
- Interactor
- T. asperellumTrichoderma asperellume1biocontrol_agent
- Gene
- PR1, PR2, PR3 and PR4e0
- Outcome
- Expressions of pathogenesis-related ( PR ) protein genese0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- non-treated checkse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Expressions of pathogenesis-related ( PR ) protein genes, PR1, PR2, PR3 and PR4 were higher in wheat plants treated with both biocontrol agents than the non-treated checks.”
e1“P. simplicissimum and T. asperellum increased ( P ≤ 0.05) the grain yields of wheat plants infected with Pst.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer that both fungal agents activated wheat defense against Pst through high PR gene expression.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Interactor
- Pste0pathogen
- Gene
- PR protein genese0
- Outcome
- wheat defence mechanism against Pste0
- Qualifier
- high expressione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“It was found that wheat defence mechanism against Pst was activated by a high expression of PR protein genes induced by both biocontrol agents.”
The same questions in other papers
Trichoderma asperellum · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Trichoderma asperellum · disease · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.