Abstract
This experiment was conducted to understand the protective effect of different priming agents [50 µM salicylic acid (SA), 4 mM ascorbic acid (AsA), and 2.5 mM NaCl] under simulated drought [15% (m/v) polyethylene glycol (PEG-6000)] in wheat. Drought caused higher proline accumulation, lower relative water content, chlorosis, and growth inhibition. Enhanced levels of the malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide were evident with higher reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation that disrupted the plant antioxidant defense system. The activities of antioxidant enzymes were also significantly declined under PEG-induced drought stress. Drought also increased methylglyoxal (MG) formation, which aggravated oxidative damage to the next folds. However, priming wheat seeds with SA, AsA and NaCl decreased ROS production by decreasing AsA, increasing glutathione content, and upregulating the antioxidant defense system. Additionally, increased activities of glyoxalase system enzymes (glyoxalase I and glyoxalase II) controlled the overproduction of MG in drought-stressed wheat seedlings. Indeed, seed priming helps to alleviate drought-induced oxidative damage by modulating the antioxidant defense system. However, AsA provided a better defense to plants against drought stress. Therefore, it can be concluded that priming wheat seeds with SA, AsA, and NaCl confers drought stress tolerance by upregulating antioxidant defense and glyoxalase systems, thus ensuring better seedling establishment.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Simulated drought increased wheat proline accumulation.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- Droughte0
- Outcome
- proline accumulatione0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Drought caused higher proline accumulation, lower relative water content, chlorosis, and growth inhibition.”
t0“wheat seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Simulated drought lowered wheat relative water content.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Droughte0
- Outcome
- relative water contente0
- Direction
- lowere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Drought caused higher proline accumulation, lower relative water content, chlorosis, and growth inhibition.”
t0“wheat seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Simulated drought caused chlorosis in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Droughte0
- Outcome
- chlorosise0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Drought caused higher proline accumulation, lower relative water content, chlorosis, and growth inhibition.”
t0“wheat seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Simulated drought inhibited wheat growth.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Droughte0
- Outcome
- growth inhibitione0
- Direction
- inhibitione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Drought caused higher proline accumulation, lower relative water content, chlorosis, and growth inhibition.”
t0“wheat seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought raised malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide levels in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Droughtt1
- Outcome
- levels of the malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxidee0
- Direction
- Enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Enhanced levels of the malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide were evident with higher reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation that disrupted the plant antioxidant defense system.”
t0“wheat seedlings”
t1“Drought caused higher proline accumulation, lower relative water content, chlorosis, and growth inhibition”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought increased reactive oxygen species generation in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Droughtt1
- Outcome
- reactive oxygen species (ROS) generatione0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“higher reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation that disrupted the plant antioxidant defense system”
t0“wheat seedlings”
t1“Drought caused higher proline accumulation, lower relative water content, chlorosis, and growth inhibition”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought disrupted the antioxidant defense system in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Droughtt1
- Outcome
- plant antioxidant defense systeme0
- Direction
- disruptede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“higher reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation that disrupted the plant antioxidant defense system”
t0“wheat seedlings”
t1“Drought caused higher proline accumulation, lower relative water content, chlorosis, and growth inhibition”
Claim · model-written summary
PEG-induced drought significantly reduced antioxidant enzyme activities.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- PEG-induced drought stresse0
- Outcome
- activities of antioxidant enzymese0
- Direction
- declinede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The activities of antioxidant enzymes were also significantly declined under PEG-induced drought stress.”
t0“wheat seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought increased methylglyoxal formation in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Droughte0
- Outcome
- methylglyoxal (MG) formatione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Drought also increased methylglyoxal (MG) formation, which aggravated oxidative damage to the next folds.”
t0“wheat seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Increased methylglyoxal formation aggravated wheat oxidative damage.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Compound
- methylglyoxal (MG)e0
- Outcome
- oxidative damagee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“methylglyoxal (MG) formation, which aggravated oxidative damage to the next folds”
t0“wheat seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Priming wheat seeds with SA decreased reactive oxygen species production.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- SAe0
- Outcome
- ROS productione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, priming wheat seeds with SA, AsA and NaCl decreased ROS production by decreasing AsA, increasing glutathione content, and upregulating the antioxidant defense system.”
Claim · model-written summary
Priming wheat seeds with AsA decreased reactive oxygen species production.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- AsAe0
- Outcome
- ROS productione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, priming wheat seeds with SA, AsA and NaCl decreased ROS production by decreasing AsA, increasing glutathione content, and upregulating the antioxidant defense system.”
Claim · model-written summary
Priming wheat seeds with NaCl decreased reactive oxygen species production.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- NaCle0
- Outcome
- ROS productione0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, priming wheat seeds with SA, AsA and NaCl decreased ROS production by decreasing AsA, increasing glutathione content, and upregulating the antioxidant defense system.”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed priming decreased AsA.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- priminge0
- Outcome
- AsAe0
- Direction
- decreasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“priming wheat seeds with SA, AsA and NaCl decreased ROS production by decreasing AsA, increasing glutathione content, and upregulating the antioxidant defense system”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed priming increased glutathione content.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- priminge0
- Outcome
- glutathione contente0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“priming wheat seeds with SA, AsA and NaCl decreased ROS production by decreasing AsA, increasing glutathione content, and upregulating the antioxidant defense system”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed priming upregulated the antioxidant defense system.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- priminge0
- Outcome
- antioxidant defense systeme0
- Direction
- upregulatinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“priming wheat seeds with SA, AsA and NaCl decreased ROS production by decreasing AsA, increasing glutathione content, and upregulating the antioxidant defense system”
Claim · model-written summary
Glyoxalase I and II enzyme activities rose in drought-stressed wheat seedlings.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Gene
- glyoxalase I and glyoxalase IIe0
- Outcome
- activities of glyoxalase system enzymese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Additionally, increased activities of glyoxalase system enzymes (glyoxalase I and glyoxalase II) controlled the overproduction of MG in drought-stressed wheat seedlings.”
Claim · model-written summary
Increased glyoxalase enzyme activities controlled methylglyoxal overproduction.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Gene
- glyoxalase I and glyoxalase IIe0
- Outcome
- overproduction of MGe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased activities of glyoxalase system enzymes (glyoxalase I and glyoxalase II) controlled the overproduction of MG in drought-stressed wheat seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
AsA priming provided better defense against drought stress than the other priming agents.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- AsAe0
- Outcome
- defense to plants against drought stresse0
- Direction
- bettere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, AsA provided a better defense to plants against drought stress.”
t0“wheat seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that SA, AsA, and NaCl priming confers drought tolerance and better seedling establishment through antioxidant and glyoxalase systems.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- priming wheat seeds with SA, AsA, and NaCle0
- Outcome
- drought stress tolerancee0
- Qualifier
- upregulating antioxidant defense and glyoxalase systemse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“priming wheat seeds with SA, AsA, and NaCl confers drought stress tolerance by upregulating antioxidant defense and glyoxalase systems, thus ensuring better seedling establishment”
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