Abstract
Rice is an important food crop, and its production is significantly affected by salt stress under the changing climate. Soil-inhabiting microbial inoculants as well as efficient nitrogen (N) nutrition may have ameliorative effects on rice growth and yield under salt stress. However, the effects of the interaction between N application and microbial inoculants on the growth and grain yield of rice under salt stress is not yet fully understood. This study aimed to clarify whether the use of the Bacillus pumilus strain TUAT-1 biofertilizer, along with the right amount of N fertilizer, would alleviate salt stress in lowland rice production. We applied the Bacillus pumilus strain TUAT-1 as a biofertilizer in combination with different rates of N fertilizer: control (0% N), 2.64 g (NH4)2SO4 per nursery tray (100% N: the farmer-recommended amount), and 3.96 g (NH4)2SO4 per nursery tray (150% N). Salinity (100 mM of NaCl) was applied at the heading stage of rice plants in pot culture in the greenhouse, and the growth and yield components were accessed at harvest. In the nursery phase, the application of the biofertilizer TUAT-1 significantly increased seedling vigor and the root development of 21-day-old seedlings. Salinity stress at the heading stage significantly reduced chlorophyll content, panicle number, straw biomass, and grain yield; however, either the application of N alone or in combination with TUAT-1 ameliorated the salinity-related reduction in grain yield and yield component parameters. Plants receiving a high amount of N fertilizer (150% N) showed similar straw biomass and grain yield with or without TUAT-1 inoculation, regardless of saline or non-saline conditions. In both saline and control conditions, straw biomass and grain yield were higher in the plants inoculated with TUAT-1 than in those without TUAT-1. Specifically, the combined application of TUAT-1 and the farmer-recommended N level (100% N) led to an increase of 8% in straw biomass and 15% in grain yield under saline stress when compared with their respective plants without TUAT-1. Straw biomass and grain yield were similar in the (un-inoculated) plants grown under normal conditions and TUAT-1 + 100% N under salinity treatments, because TUAT-1 enhanced root development, which may promote soil nutrient uptake. Our results indicated that combined nursery application of TUAT-1 biofertilizer and 100% N fertilizer rate has the potential to boost the capacity of this bacteria to increase seedling vigor, which subsequently ameliorated the salt-induced reduction in the grain and straw yield.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
TUAT-1 significantly increased rice seedling vigor and root development in the nursery.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae1 - Organ / stage
- 21-day-old seedlingse0
- Treatment
- application of the biofertilizer TUAT-1e0
- Interactor
- Bacillus pumilus strain TUAT-1Bacillus pumiluse2symbiont
- Outcome
- seedling vigor and the root developmente0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of the biofertilizer TUAT-1 significantly increased seedling vigor and the root development of 21-day-old seedlings”
e1“rice plants”
e2“We applied the Bacillus pumilus strain TUAT-1 as a biofertilizer”
Claim · model-written summary
Heading-stage salinity reduced rice chlorophyll content and panicle number.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Organ / stage
- heading stagee0
- Treatment
- Salinity (100 mM of NaCl)e2
- Outcome
- chlorophyll content, panicle numbere0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salinity stress at the heading stage significantly reduced chlorophyll content, panicle number, straw biomass, and grain yield”
e1“rice plants”
e2“Salinity (100 mM of NaCl)”
Claim · model-written summary
Heading-stage salinity reduced rice straw biomass and grain yield.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Organ / stage
- heading stagee0
- Treatment
- Salinity (100 mM of NaCl)e2
- Outcome
- straw biomass, and grain yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salinity stress at the heading stage significantly reduced chlorophyll content, panicle number, straw biomass, and grain yield”
e1“rice plants”
e2“Salinity (100 mM of NaCl)”
Claim · model-written summary
N alone ameliorated the salinity-related reduction in rice grain yield and yield components.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- application of N alonee0
- Outcome
- grain yield and yield component parameterse0
- Direction
- amelioratede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“either the application of N alone or in combination with TUAT-1 ameliorated the salinity-related reduction in grain yield and yield component parameters”
e1“rice plants”
Claim · model-written summary
N combined with TUAT-1 ameliorated the salinity-related reduction in rice grain yield and yield components.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- in combination with TUAT-1e0
- Interactor
- Bacillus pumilus strain TUAT-1Bacillus pumiluse2symbiont
- Outcome
- grain yield and yield component parameterse0
- Direction
- amelioratede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of N alone or in combination with TUAT-1 ameliorated the salinity-related reduction in grain yield and yield component parameters”
e1“rice plants”
e2“We applied the Bacillus pumilus strain TUAT-1 as a biofertilizer”
Claim · model-written summary
With 150% N, rice straw biomass and grain yield were similar with and without TUAT-1 regardless of salinity.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- TUAT-1 inoculatione0
- Interactor
- Bacillus pumilus strain TUAT-1Bacillus pumiluse2symbiont
- Outcome
- straw biomass and grain yielde0
- Direction
- similare0
- Qualifier
- regardless of saline or non-saline conditionse0
- Comparator
- without TUAT-1 inoculatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plants receiving a high amount of N fertilizer (150% N) showed similar straw biomass and grain yield with or without TUAT-1 inoculation, regardless of saline or non-saline conditions”
e1“rice plants”
e2“We applied the Bacillus pumilus strain TUAT-1 as a biofertilizer”
Claim · model-written summary
TUAT-1 inoculation raised rice straw biomass and grain yield under both saline and control conditions.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- inoculated with TUAT-1e0
- Interactor
- Bacillus pumilus strain TUAT-1Bacillus pumiluse2symbiont
- Outcome
- straw biomass and grain yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- both saline and control conditionse0
- Comparator
- without TUAT-1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In both saline and control conditions, straw biomass and grain yield were higher in the plants inoculated with TUAT-1 than in those without TUAT-1”
e1“rice plants”
e2“We applied the Bacillus pumilus strain TUAT-1 as a biofertilizer”
Claim · model-written summary
Under salinity, TUAT-1 with 100% N increased rice straw biomass 8% versus no TUAT-1.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- combined application of TUAT-1 and the farmer-recommended N level (100% N)e0
- Interactor
- Bacillus pumilus strain TUAT-1Bacillus pumiluse2symbiont
- Outcome
- straw biomasse0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 8%e0
- Qualifier
- under saline stresse0
- Comparator
- plants without TUAT-1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“combined application of TUAT-1 and the farmer-recommended N level (100% N) led to an increase of 8% in straw biomass and 15% in grain yield under saline stress when compared with their respective plants without TUAT-1”
e1“rice plants”
e2“We applied the Bacillus pumilus strain TUAT-1 as a biofertilizer”
Claim · model-written summary
Under salinity, TUAT-1 with 100% N increased rice grain yield 15% versus no TUAT-1.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- combined application of TUAT-1 and the farmer-recommended N level (100% N)e0
- Interactor
- Bacillus pumilus strain TUAT-1Bacillus pumiluse2symbiont
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 15%e0
- Qualifier
- under saline stresse0
- Comparator
- plants without TUAT-1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“combined application of TUAT-1 and the farmer-recommended N level (100% N) led to an increase of 8% in straw biomass and 15% in grain yield under saline stress when compared with their respective plants without TUAT-1”
e1“rice plants”
e2“We applied the Bacillus pumilus strain TUAT-1 as a biofertilizer”
Claim · model-written summary
Under salinity with TUAT-1 and 100% N, rice straw biomass and yield matched uninoculated normal-condition plants.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- TUAT-1 + 100% N under salinity treatmentse0
- Interactor
- Bacillus pumilus strain TUAT-1Bacillus pumiluse2symbiont
- Outcome
- Straw biomass and grain yielde0
- Direction
- similare0
- Comparator
- (un-inoculated) plants grown under normal conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Straw biomass and grain yield were similar in the (un-inoculated) plants grown under normal conditions and TUAT-1 + 100% N under salinity treatments”
e1“rice plants”
e2“We applied the Bacillus pumilus strain TUAT-1 as a biofertilizer”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose that TUAT-1-enhanced root development may promote rice nutrient uptake.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Organ / stage
- roote0
- Treatment
- TUAT-1e0
- Interactor
- Bacillus pumilus strain TUAT-1Bacillus pumiluse2symbiont
- Outcome
- soil nutrient uptakee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“TUAT-1 enhanced root development, which may promote soil nutrient uptake”
e1“rice plants”
e2“We applied the Bacillus pumilus strain TUAT-1 as a biofertilizer”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.