Abstract
Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) is considered one of the most destructive insect pests of chickpea crops in Morocco; however, the extent of the yield loss it causes in Morocco is unknown. This study assessed the yield losses and pod damage caused by the chickpea pod borer H. armigera on four improved Kabuli varieties with insecticide treatment at two different locations. The second part of this study investigated the contact and systemic toxicity of different biological and selective insecticides in the control of the larvae of H. armigera under controlled laboratory and field conditions. The results demonstrated that the yield losses due to H. armigera infestation were in the range of 14.3–31.2%. Chickpea pod borer infestation resulted in losses in the total seed weight for all the chickpea varieties, with the highest yield losses for Zahor (F84-145C) being 31.18% at Allal Tazi followed by Farihane (F84-79C) with 27.38% at the Marchouch station. Emamectin benzoate at 250 g/ha showed a high level of larvicidal and systemic activity, with 100% mortality 24 h after application. Indoxacarb at 25 mL/100 L water, recorded 100% and 92% larval mortality in larvicidal and systemic activity, 48 h after application, respectively. The bioinsecticide spinosad in 30 mL/100 L water resulted in 88% and 92% larval mortality in contact and systemic activity, 48 h after application, respectively. Under field conditions, the two insecticides emamectin benzoate and indoxacarb were found to be highly effective in reducing the H. armigera larval population and pod damage after two sprays. Both insecticide treatments significantly increased grain yields compared with the untreated plots, with 25.8% and 24.5%, respectively. These findings showed that two applications of the selective chemical insecticides emamectin benzoate or indoxacarb with a week interval starting from the pod setting could be incorporated into the management strategies for the control of H. armigera.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
H. armigera infestation caused 14.3–31.2% yield losses.
- Taxon
- chickpea
Cicer arietinume1 - Interactor
- H. armigera
_gusano_cogollero.png?width=60)
Helicoverpa armigerae0pest - Outcome
- yield lossese0
- Value
- 14.3–31.2%e0
- Setting
- Moroccoe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_gusano_cogollero.png?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“yield losses due to H. armigera infestation were in the range of 14.3–31.2%”
e1“chickpea crops in Morocco”
Claim · model-written summary
Zahor had 31.18% yield loss at Allal Tazi.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume1
- Material
- Zahor (F84-145C)e0
- Outcome
- yield lossese0
- Value
- 31.18%e0
- Setting
- Allal Tazie0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“highest yield losses for Zahor (F84-145C) being 31.18% at Allal Tazi”
e1“chickpea varieties”
Claim · model-written summary
Emamectin benzoate at 250 g/ha caused 100% H. armigera larval mortality.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume1
- Treatment
- Emamectin benzoate at 250 g/hae0
- Outcome
- larval mortalitye2
- Value
- 100%e0
Not reportedInteractorComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Emamectin benzoate at 250 g/ha showed a high level of larvicidal and systemic activity, with 100% mortality 24 h after application”
e1“chickpea crops in Morocco”
e2“Indoxacarb at 25 mL/100 L water, recorded 100% and 92% larval mortality in larvicidal and systemic activity, 48 h after application, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Indoxacarb at 25 mL/100 L water caused 100% H. armigera larval mortality.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume1
- Treatment
- Indoxacarb at 25 mL/100 L watere0
- Outcome
- larval mortalitye2
- Value
- 100%e0
Not reportedInteractorComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Indoxacarb at 25 mL/100 L water, recorded 100% and 92% larval mortality in larvicidal and systemic activity, 48 h after application, respectively”
e1“chickpea crops in Morocco”
e2“Indoxacarb at 25 mL/100 L water, recorded 100% and 92% larval mortality in larvicidal and systemic activity, 48 h after application, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Indoxacarb at 25 mL/100 L water caused 92% H. armigera larval mortality.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume1
- Treatment
- Indoxacarb at 25 mL/100 L watere0
- Outcome
- larval mortalitye2
- Value
- 92%e0
Not reportedInteractorComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Indoxacarb at 25 mL/100 L water, recorded 100% and 92% larval mortality in larvicidal and systemic activity, 48 h after application, respectively”
e1“chickpea crops in Morocco”
e2“Indoxacarb at 25 mL/100 L water, recorded 100% and 92% larval mortality in larvicidal and systemic activity, 48 h after application, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
spinosad in 30 mL/100 L water caused 88% H. armigera larval mortality.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume1
- Treatment
- spinosad in 30 mL/100 L watere0
- Outcome
- larval mortalitye2
- Value
- 88%e0
Not reportedInteractorComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“spinosad in 30 mL/100 L water resulted in 88% and 92% larval mortality in contact and systemic activity, 48 h after application, respectively”
e1“chickpea crops in Morocco”
e2“Indoxacarb at 25 mL/100 L water, recorded 100% and 92% larval mortality in larvicidal and systemic activity, 48 h after application, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
spinosad in 30 mL/100 L water caused 92% H. armigera larval mortality.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume1
- Treatment
- spinosad in 30 mL/100 L watere0
- Outcome
- larval mortalitye2
- Value
- 92%e0
Not reportedInteractorComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“spinosad in 30 mL/100 L water resulted in 88% and 92% larval mortality in contact and systemic activity, 48 h after application, respectively”
e1“chickpea crops in Morocco”
e2“Indoxacarb at 25 mL/100 L water, recorded 100% and 92% larval mortality in larvicidal and systemic activity, 48 h after application, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Field emamectin benzoate reduced larval populations and pod damage.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume1
- Treatment
- emamectin benzoatee0
- Interactor
- H. armigeraHelicoverpa armigerae0pest
- Outcome
- H. armigera larval population and pod damagee0
- Direction
- reducinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under field conditions, the two insecticides emamectin benzoate and indoxacarb were found to be highly effective in reducing the H. armigera larval population and pod damage after two sprays”
e1“chickpea crops in Morocco”
Claim · model-written summary
Field indoxacarb reduced larval populations and pod damage.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume1
- Treatment
- indoxacarbe0
- Interactor
- H. armigeraHelicoverpa armigerae0pest
- Outcome
- H. armigera larval population and pod damagee0
- Direction
- reducinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under field conditions, the two insecticides emamectin benzoate and indoxacarb were found to be highly effective in reducing the H. armigera larval population and pod damage after two sprays”
e1“chickpea crops in Morocco”
Claim · model-written summary
Emamectin benzoate increased grain yield 25.8% against untreated plots.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume2
- Treatment
- emamectin benzoatee1
- Outcome
- grain yieldse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 25.8%e0
- Comparator
- untreated plotse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both insecticide treatments significantly increased grain yields compared with the untreated plots, with 25.8% and 24.5%, respectively”
e1“emamectin benzoate and indoxacarb”
e2“chickpea crops in Morocco”
Claim · model-written summary
Indoxacarb increased grain yield 24.5% against untreated plots.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume2
- Treatment
- indoxacarbe1
- Outcome
- grain yieldse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 24.5%e0
- Comparator
- untreated plotse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both insecticide treatments significantly increased grain yields compared with the untreated plots, with 25.8% and 24.5%, respectively”
e1“emamectin benzoate and indoxacarb”
e2“chickpea crops in Morocco”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors proposed two weekly spaced applications from pod setting for H. armigera control.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume1
- Interactor
- H. armigeraHelicoverpa armigerae0pest
- Outcome
- two applications of the selective chemical insecticides emamectin benzoate or indoxacarb with a week interval starting from the pod settinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“two applications of the selective chemical insecticides emamectin benzoate or indoxacarb with a week interval starting from the pod setting could be incorporated into the management strategies for the control of H. armigera”
e1“chickpea crops in Morocco”
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