Paper · 2022 · Foods

Investigations into Determinants of Blueberry Coating Effectiveness

David Obenland; Francisco M. A. Leyva-Gutierrez; Tong Wang

13
claims
21
verbatim quotes
4
citations
3
research areas
✓
Open access · cc-by

Abstract

Coatings have been investigated as a means of slowing weight loss and helping to preserve quality in blueberries but reported results have been inconsistent with the inadequate presentation of the impact of coatings on blueberry appearance. In this study, we compare the ability to limit weight loss, along with the effect on appearance, of several previously studied coatings for blueberries and attempt to identify reasons why coatings have not been more successful in limiting weight loss in blueberries. In a two-year study, coatings were applied either as a spray or a dip, depending on the nature of the coating, and included 1% chitosan (CH) with and without either 1% or 2% oleic acid (OA), 1% Semperfresh (SF), 2% sodium caseinate (SC), and carnauba wax (CAR). None of the coatings reduced weight loss in either year of the study and sometimes enhanced it. CH, CH + OA, CAR, and SF greatly altered the appearance of the berries by removing all or a part of the waxy bloom. SC also did this to some degree but was generally better at maintaining the natural appearance. It was found that coating application did not effectively limit weight loss through either the cuticle or stem end of the blueberries. Loss of the bloom on the blueberry surface, confirmed visually and by scanning electron microscopy, occurred during coating application, but was found to not influence coating effectiveness. Using CH + OA as an example, it was found that increasing the amount of handling during the drying process significantly increased subsequent weight loss relative to blueberries with minimal handling. This indicates that careful handling during the coating process is important for coating success.

Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by. Read at the source ↗

The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.

Claims 13

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultno effectmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

No coating reduced blueberry weight loss in either year.

Taxon
Blueberryt0
Treatment
coatingse0
Outcome
weight losse0
Direction
None of the coatings reducede0

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e0

“None of the coatings reduced weight loss in either year of the study and sometimes enhanced it”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 770–864 · show in text ↑
t0

“Blueberry Coating”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 36–53 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Some coatings enhanced weight loss.

Taxon
Blueberryt0
Treatment
coatingse0
Outcome
weight losse0
Direction
enhancede0

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e0

“None of the coatings reduced weight loss in either year of the study and sometimes enhanced it”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 770–864 · show in text ↑
t0

“Blueberry Coating”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 36–53 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Chitosan coating removed all or part of the waxy bloom.

Taxon
Blueberryt0
Treatment
CHe0
Outcome
waxy bloome0
Direction
removinge0

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e0

“CH, CH + OA, CAR, and SF greatly altered the appearance of the berries by removing all or a part of the waxy bloom”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 866–980 · show in text ↑
t0

“Blueberry Coating”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 36–53 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Chitosan plus oleic acid removed all or part of the waxy bloom.

Taxon
Blueberryt0
Treatment
CH + OAe0
Outcome
waxy bloome0
Direction
removinge0

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e0

“CH, CH + OA, CAR, and SF greatly altered the appearance of the berries by removing all or a part of the waxy bloom”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 866–980 · show in text ↑
t0

“Blueberry Coating”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 36–53 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Carnauba wax removed all or part of the waxy bloom.

Taxon
Blueberryt0
Treatment
CARe0
Outcome
waxy bloome0
Direction
removinge0

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e0

“CH, CH + OA, CAR, and SF greatly altered the appearance of the berries by removing all or a part of the waxy bloom”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 866–980 · show in text ↑
t0

“Blueberry Coating”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 36–53 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Semperfresh removed all or part of the waxy bloom.

Taxon
Blueberryt0
Treatment
SFe0
Outcome
waxy bloome0
Direction
removinge0

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e0

“CH, CH + OA, CAR, and SF greatly altered the appearance of the berries by removing all or a part of the waxy bloom”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 866–980 · show in text ↑
t0

“Blueberry Coating”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 36–53 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Sodium caseinate partly removed bloom but generally maintained natural appearance better.

Taxon
Blueberryt0
Treatment
SCe0
Outcome
natural appearancee0
Direction
bettere0

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e0

“SC also did this to some degree but was generally better at maintaining the natural appearance”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 982–1076 · show in text ↑
t0

“Blueberry Coating”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 36–53 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultno effectmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Coatings did not effectively limit weight loss through the blueberry cuticle.

Taxon
blueberriese0
Treatment
coating applicatione0
Outcome
weight loss through either the cuticlee0
Direction
did not effectively limite0

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e0

“coating application did not effectively limit weight loss through either the cuticle or stem end of the blueberries”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1096–1211 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultno effectmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Coatings did not effectively limit weight loss through the blueberry stem end.

Taxon
blueberriese0
Treatment
coating applicatione0
Outcome
stem end of the blueberriese0
Direction
did not effectively limite0

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e0

“coating application did not effectively limit weight loss through either the cuticle or stem end of the blueberries”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1096–1211 · show in text ↑
Observationobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Bloom loss occurred during coating application.

Taxon
blueberrye0
Outcome
Loss of the bloome0
Qualifier
during coating applicatione0

Verbatim

e0

“Loss of the bloom on the blueberry surface, confirmed visually and by scanning electron microscopy, occurred during coating application”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1213–1348 · show in text ↑
Associationobservedoriginal resultno effectmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Bloom loss did not influence coating effectiveness.

Taxon
blueberrye0
Organ / stage
bloome0
Outcome
coating effectivenesse0
Direction
not influencee0

Verbatim

e0

“Loss of the bloom on the blueberry surface, confirmed visually and by scanning electron microscopy, occurred during coating application, but was found to not influence coating effectiveness”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1213–1402 · show in text ↑
Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultnegativesignificant (as stated)measured

Claim · model-written summary

More handling during CH + OA drying significantly increased later weight loss relative to minimal handling.

Taxon
blueberriese0
Treatment
increasing the amount of handling during the drying processe0
Outcome
subsequent weight losse0
Direction
increasede0
Comparator
blueberries with minimal handlinge0

Verbatim

e0

“increasing the amount of handling during the drying process significantly increased subsequent weight loss relative to blueberries with minimal handling”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1451–1603 · show in text ↑
Recommendationauthor interpretationoriginal resultbasis n/a

Claim · model-written summary

The authors recommend careful handling during coating.

Taxon
Blueberryt0
Outcome
careful handling during the coating processe0

Verbatim

e0

“careful handling during the coating process is important for coating success”

✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1625–1701 · show in text ↑
t0

“Blueberry Coating”

✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 36–53 · show in text ↑

processing · quality: postharvest · VacciniumPositive and negative results

6 papers: 2 positive, 4 negative or no effect

3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction

  1. positive
  2. positive
  3. no effect

2 papers more in this group

See all 6 papers →

storage · quality: postharvest · VacciniumPositive and negative results

24 papers: 20 positive, 4 negative or no effect

3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 20 in the opposite direction

  1. positive
  2. positive
  3. positive

20 papers more in this group

See all 24 papers →

Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.