Abstract
The juvenile-to-adult phase change with first flowering as the indicator plays a crucial role in the lifecycle of fruit trees. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying phase change in fruit trees remain largely unknown. Shikimic acid (ShA) pathway is a main metabolic pathway closely related to the synthesis of hormones and many important secondary metabolites participating in plant phase change. So, whether ShA regulates phase change in plants is worth clarifying. Here, the distinct morphological characteristics and the underlying mechanisms of phase change in jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.), an important fruit tree native to China with nutritious fruit and outstanding tolerance abiotic stresses, were clarified. A combined transcriptome and metabolome analysis found that ShA is positively involved in jujube (‘Yuhong’ × ‘Xing 16’) phase change. The genes in the upstream of ShA synthesis pathway (ZjDAHPS, ZjDHQS and ZjSDH), the contents of ShA and the downstream secondary metabolites like phenols were significantly upregulated in the phase change period. Further, the treatment of spraying exogenous ShA verified that ShA at a very low concentration (60 mg L−1) can substantially speed up the phase change and flowering of jujube and other tested plants including Arabidopsis, tomato and wheat. The exogenous ShA (60 mg L−1) treatment in jujube seedlings could increase the accumulation of endogenous ShA, enhance leaf photosynthesis and the synthesis of phenols especially flavonoids and phenolic acids, and promote the expression of genes (ZjCOs, ZjNFYs and ZjPHYs) involved in flowering pathway. Basing on above results, we put forward a propose for the underlying mechanism of ShA regulating phase change, and a hypothesis that ShA could be considered a phytohormone-like substance because it is endogenous, ubiquitous, movable and highly efficient at very low concentrations. This study highlights the critical role of ShA in plant phase change and its phytohormone-like properties.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Shikimic acid is positively involved in jujube phase change.
Verbatim
e1“ShA is positively involved in jujube (‘Yuhong’ × ‘Xing 16’) phase change”
Claim · model-written summary
Genes ZjDAHPS, ZjDHQS and ZjSDH were significantly upregulated in the jujube phase change period.
Verbatim
e1“ShA is positively involved in jujube (‘Yuhong’ × ‘Xing 16’) phase change”
e2“The genes in the upstream of ShA synthesis pathway (ZjDAHPS, ZjDHQS and ZjSDH), the contents of ShA and the downstream secondary metabolites like phenols were significantly upregulated in the phase change period”
Claim · model-written summary
Contents of ShA were significantly upregulated in the jujube phase change period.
Verbatim
e1“ShA is positively involved in jujube (‘Yuhong’ × ‘Xing 16’) phase change”
e2“The genes in the upstream of ShA synthesis pathway (ZjDAHPS, ZjDHQS and ZjSDH), the contents of ShA and the downstream secondary metabolites like phenols were significantly upregulated in the phase change period”
Claim · model-written summary
Downstream secondary metabolites such as phenols were significantly upregulated in the jujube phase change period.
Verbatim
e1“ShA is positively involved in jujube (‘Yuhong’ × ‘Xing 16’) phase change”
e2“The genes in the upstream of ShA synthesis pathway (ZjDAHPS, ZjDHQS and ZjSDH), the contents of ShA and the downstream secondary metabolites like phenols were significantly upregulated in the phase change period”
Claim · model-written summary
Spraying exogenous ShA at 60 mg L−1 speeds up phase change and flowering of jujube.
- Taxon
- jujubee3
- Treatment
- spraying exogenous ShAe3
- Outcome
- phase change and floweringe3
- Direction
- speed upe3
- Value
- 60 mg L−1e3
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e3“the treatment of spraying exogenous ShA verified that ShA at a very low concentration (60 mg L−1) can substantially speed up the phase change and flowering of jujube and other tested plants including Arabidopsis, tomato and wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Spraying exogenous ShA at 60 mg L−1 speeds up phase change and flowering of Arabidopsis.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis
Arabidopsise3 - Treatment
- spraying exogenous ShAe3
- Outcome
- phase change and floweringe3
- Direction
- speed upe3
- Value
- 60 mg L−1e3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“the treatment of spraying exogenous ShA verified that ShA at a very low concentration (60 mg L−1) can substantially speed up the phase change and flowering of jujube and other tested plants including Arabidopsis, tomato and wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Spraying exogenous ShA at 60 mg L−1 speeds up phase change and flowering of tomato.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume3 - Treatment
- spraying exogenous ShAe3
- Outcome
- phase change and floweringe3
- Direction
- speed upe3
- Value
- 60 mg L−1e3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“the treatment of spraying exogenous ShA verified that ShA at a very low concentration (60 mg L−1) can substantially speed up the phase change and flowering of jujube and other tested plants including Arabidopsis, tomato and wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Spraying exogenous ShA at 60 mg L−1 speeds up phase change and flowering of wheat.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume3 - Treatment
- spraying exogenous ShAe3
- Outcome
- phase change and floweringe3
- Direction
- speed upe3
- Value
- 60 mg L−1e3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“the treatment of spraying exogenous ShA verified that ShA at a very low concentration (60 mg L−1) can substantially speed up the phase change and flowering of jujube and other tested plants including Arabidopsis, tomato and wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous ShA at 60 mg L−1 increased the accumulation of endogenous ShA in jujube seedlings.
- Taxon
- jujubee4
- Organ / stage
- seedlingse4
- Treatment
- exogenous ShA (60 mg L−1) treatmente4
- Outcome
- accumulation of endogenous ShAe4
- Direction
- increasee4
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e4“The exogenous ShA (60 mg L−1) treatment in jujube seedlings could increase the accumulation of endogenous ShA”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous ShA at 60 mg L−1 enhanced leaf photosynthesis of jujube.
- Taxon
- jujubee4
- Treatment
- exogenous ShA (60 mg L−1) treatmente4
- Outcome
- leaf photosynthesise5
- Direction
- enhancee5
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e4“The exogenous ShA (60 mg L−1) treatment in jujube seedlings could increase the accumulation of endogenous ShA”
e5“enhance leaf photosynthesis and the synthesis of phenols especially flavonoids and phenolic acids”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous ShA at 60 mg L−1 enhanced the synthesis of phenols, especially flavonoids and phenolic acids, in jujube.
- Taxon
- jujubee4
- Treatment
- exogenous ShA (60 mg L−1) treatmente4
- Outcome
- the synthesis of phenolse5
- Direction
- enhancee5
- Qualifier
- especially flavonoids and phenolic acidse5
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e4“The exogenous ShA (60 mg L−1) treatment in jujube seedlings could increase the accumulation of endogenous ShA”
e5“enhance leaf photosynthesis and the synthesis of phenols especially flavonoids and phenolic acids”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous ShA promoted expression of ZjCOs, ZjNFYs and ZjPHYs in jujube.
- Taxon
- jujubee4
- Treatment
- exogenous ShA (60 mg L−1) treatmente4
- Gene
- ZjCOs, ZjNFYs and ZjPHYse6
- Outcome
- expression of genese6
- Direction
- promotee6
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e4“The exogenous ShA (60 mg L−1) treatment in jujube seedlings could increase the accumulation of endogenous ShA”
e6“promote the expression of genes (ZjCOs, ZjNFYs and ZjPHYs) involved in flowering pathway”
Claim · model-written summary
ShA may act as a phytohormone-like substance regulating phase change in jujube.
Verbatim
t0“Chinese jujube”
e6“a hypothesis that ShA could be considered a phytohormone-like substance because it is endogenous, ubiquitous, movable and highly efficient at very low concentrations”
e7“we put forward a propose for the underlying mechanism of ShA regulating phase change”
The same questions in other papers
shikimic acid · molecular: expression · Ziziphus jujuba (Chinese jujube)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
application · phenology · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
- positive
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →application · phenology · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
24 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- negative
- positive
23 papers more in this group
See all 27 papers →application · phenology · Ziziphus jujuba (Chinese jujube)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.