Abstract
Abstract A field experiment was carried out during the agricultural season 2021-2022 in two locations within the administrative borders of Nineveh Governorate, the first location in the Gleokhan area within the borders of Mosul Center and the second location within the administrative borders of Namrod district, which is 45 km from the center of Mosul district, in order to know the effect of the balanced NPK 20:20:20 compound fertilizer nano the growth and yield of four varieties of bread wheat. The global experiment was carried out, which consisted of two factors, a randomized complete block design, and three replications. The first factor was fertilizer levels with four levels (1, 2, and 3 gm.L-1) added in two phases. The first is in the tillers stage (Z 2-1) and the second stage is at the beginning of the boating stage (Z 4-0) on the Zadoks scale, in addition to the comparison treatment, which was the traditional farmer’s method of fertilization (adding urea and dab fertilizer according to the times and quantities recommended by the Ministry Iraqi Agriculture), the second factor, four varieties of local bread wheat (Bhoth 22, Abu Ghraib, Rashid and Jihan), the following characteristics were studied: plant height, number of tillers, flag leaf area, total chlorophyll content of flag leaf, number of days up to 50% flowering, number of spikes, spike length, number of grains per spike, grain yield, weight of 1000 grains. The most important results of the study were as follows: The comparison treatment (the traditional farmer's method) excelled in the total chlorophyll content of the Gleokhan site and in the number of spikes and weight of 1000 grains in the Namrod site, with values of (28.41 Spad, 267.75 spikes.m-2, and 44.91 g), respectively. The 1 g spray treatment excelled in the characteristics of the number of tillers, number of spikes, length of spike, grain yield, and weight of 1000 grains at the Gleokhan site, and in the two characteristics of leaf area and spike length at the Namrod site, with averages of (178.17 tiller.m-2, 100.08 spikes.m-2, 8.58 cm , 128.83 g.m-2, 35.20 g, 34.46 cm2 and 10.85 cm) in the aforementioned order. The 3 g spray treatment was superior in the characteristics of plant height for both sites, the number of days up to 50% flowering, and grain yield of the Namrod site, with rates of (54.42 cm, 80.77 cm, 135.83 days, and 332.17 g.m-2), respectively. No significant differences were recorded between the levels of fertilizer in terms of flag leaf area and number of days up to 50% flowering for Gleokhan site and number of grains per spike for both sites. The cultivar Bhoth 22 excelled in terms of total chlorophyll content and the weight of 1000 grains at the Gleokhan site, and for the characteristics of the number of tillers, number of days up to 50% flowering, number of spikes, and grain yield of the Namrod site, as averages were recorded (27.29 Spad, 34.23 g, 302.75 tiller.m-2, 134.92 days, 290.17 spike.m-2 and 405.42 g m-2) respectively. The Abu Ghraib cultivar achieved superiority in the number of grains per spike at Al-Namrod site, with an average of (46.43 grains.spike-1). The cultivar Rashid excelled in the characteristics of the number of tillers, number of spikes, and spike length at the Gleokhan site, and for the two characteristics of the flag leaf area and spike length at the Namrod site, where the rates were recorded (169.08 tiller.m-2, 104.58 spike.m-2, 8.56 cm, 34.55 cm2 and 12.98 cm), respectively. The cultivar Jihan achieved superiority in the two characteristics of the number of days up to 50% flowering and grain yield at Gleokhan site, with values of (131 days and 108.08 g.m-2), respectively. No significant differences were recorded between the cultivars included in the study in the characteristics of plant height, flag leaf area, number of grains per spike for Gleokhan site, and for the two characteristics of total chlorophyll content and weight of 1000 grains for Namrod site. The interaction of 1 g spray treatment with Jihan cultivar recorded the highest average grain yield at Gleokhan site, and the 3 g spray treatment with Bhoth 22 cultivar had the highest average grain yield at Namrod site with values of (301 and 487.67 g.m-2), respectively.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Traditional fertilization led total chlorophyll at Gleokhan with 28.41 Spad.
- Taxon
- bread wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- traditional farmer's methode0
- Outcome
- total chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- excellede0
- Value
- 28.41 Spade0
- Setting
- Gleokhan sitee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The comparison treatment (the traditional farmer's method) excelled in the total chlorophyll content of the Gleokhan site and in the number of spikes and weight of 1000 grains in the Namrod site, with values of (28.41 Spad, 267.75 spikes.m-2, and 44.91 g), respectively”
t0“bread wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Traditional fertilization led spike number at Namrod with 267.75 spikes.m-2.
- Taxon
- bread wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- traditional farmer's methode0
- Outcome
- number of spikese0
- Direction
- excellede0
- Value
- 267.75 spikes.m-2e0
- Setting
- Namrod sitee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The comparison treatment (the traditional farmer's method) excelled in the total chlorophyll content of the Gleokhan site and in the number of spikes and weight of 1000 grains in the Namrod site, with values of (28.41 Spad, 267.75 spikes.m-2, and 44.91 g), respectively”
t0“bread wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Traditional fertilization led thousand grain weight at Namrod with 44.91 g.
- Taxon
- bread wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- traditional farmer's methode0
- Outcome
- weight of 1000 grainse0
- Direction
- excellede0
- Value
- 44.91 ge0
- Setting
- Namrod sitee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The comparison treatment (the traditional farmer's method) excelled in the total chlorophyll content of the Gleokhan site and in the number of spikes and weight of 1000 grains in the Namrod site, with values of (28.41 Spad, 267.75 spikes.m-2, and 44.91 g), respectively”
t0“bread wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The 1 g spray led tiller number at Gleokhan with 178.17 tiller.m-2.
- Taxon
- bread wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 1 g spray treatmente0
- Outcome
- number of tillerse0
- Direction
- excellede0
- Value
- 178.17 tiller.m-2e0
- Setting
- Gleokhan sitee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The 1 g spray treatment excelled in the characteristics of the number of tillers, number of spikes, length of spike, grain yield, and weight of 1000 grains at the Gleokhan site, and in the two characteristics of leaf area and spike length at the Namrod site, with averages of (178.17 tiller.m-2, 100.08 spikes.m-2, 8.58 cm , 128.83 g.m-2, 35.20 g, 34.46 cm2 and 10.85 cm) in the aforementioned order”
t0“bread wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The 1 g spray led spike number at Gleokhan with 100.08 spikes.m-2.
- Taxon
- bread wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 1 g spray treatmente0
- Outcome
- number of spikese0
- Direction
- excellede0
- Value
- 100.08 spikes.m-2e0
- Setting
- Gleokhan sitee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The 1 g spray treatment excelled in the characteristics of the number of tillers, number of spikes, length of spike, grain yield, and weight of 1000 grains at the Gleokhan site, and in the two characteristics of leaf area and spike length at the Namrod site, with averages of (178.17 tiller.m-2, 100.08 spikes.m-2, 8.58 cm , 128.83 g.m-2, 35.20 g, 34.46 cm2 and 10.85 cm) in the aforementioned order”
t0“bread wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The 1 g spray led spike length at Gleokhan with 8.58 cm.
- Taxon
- bread wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 1 g spray treatmente0
- Outcome
- length of spikee0
- Direction
- excellede0
- Value
- 8.58 cme0
- Setting
- Gleokhan sitee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The 1 g spray treatment excelled in the characteristics of the number of tillers, number of spikes, length of spike, grain yield, and weight of 1000 grains at the Gleokhan site, and in the two characteristics of leaf area and spike length at the Namrod site, with averages of (178.17 tiller.m-2, 100.08 spikes.m-2, 8.58 cm , 128.83 g.m-2, 35.20 g, 34.46 cm2 and 10.85 cm) in the aforementioned order”
t0“bread wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The 1 g spray led grain yield at Gleokhan with 128.83 g.m-2.
- Taxon
- bread wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 1 g spray treatmente0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- excellede0
- Value
- 128.83 g.m-2e0
- Setting
- Gleokhan sitee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The 1 g spray treatment excelled in the characteristics of the number of tillers, number of spikes, length of spike, grain yield, and weight of 1000 grains at the Gleokhan site, and in the two characteristics of leaf area and spike length at the Namrod site, with averages of (178.17 tiller.m-2, 100.08 spikes.m-2, 8.58 cm , 128.83 g.m-2, 35.20 g, 34.46 cm2 and 10.85 cm) in the aforementioned order”
t0“bread wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The 1 g spray led thousand grain weight at Gleokhan with 35.20 g.
- Taxon
- bread wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 1 g spray treatmente0
- Outcome
- weight of 1000 grainse0
- Direction
- excellede0
- Value
- 35.20 ge0
- Setting
- Gleokhan sitee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The 1 g spray treatment excelled in the characteristics of the number of tillers, number of spikes, length of spike, grain yield, and weight of 1000 grains at the Gleokhan site, and in the two characteristics of leaf area and spike length at the Namrod site, with averages of (178.17 tiller.m-2, 100.08 spikes.m-2, 8.58 cm , 128.83 g.m-2, 35.20 g, 34.46 cm2 and 10.85 cm) in the aforementioned order”
t0“bread wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The 1 g spray led leaf area at Namrod with 34.46 cm2.
- Taxon
- bread wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 1 g spray treatmente0
- Outcome
- leaf areae0
- Direction
- excellede0
- Value
- 34.46 cm2e0
- Setting
- Namrod sitee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The 1 g spray treatment excelled in the characteristics of the number of tillers, number of spikes, length of spike, grain yield, and weight of 1000 grains at the Gleokhan site, and in the two characteristics of leaf area and spike length at the Namrod site, with averages of (178.17 tiller.m-2, 100.08 spikes.m-2, 8.58 cm , 128.83 g.m-2, 35.20 g, 34.46 cm2 and 10.85 cm) in the aforementioned order”
t0“bread wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The 1 g spray led spike length at Namrod with 10.85 cm.
- Taxon
- bread wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 1 g spray treatmente0
- Outcome
- spike lengthe0
- Direction
- excellede0
- Value
- 10.85 cme0
- Setting
- Namrod sitee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The 1 g spray treatment excelled in the characteristics of the number of tillers, number of spikes, length of spike, grain yield, and weight of 1000 grains at the Gleokhan site, and in the two characteristics of leaf area and spike length at the Namrod site, with averages of (178.17 tiller.m-2, 100.08 spikes.m-2, 8.58 cm , 128.83 g.m-2, 35.20 g, 34.46 cm2 and 10.85 cm) in the aforementioned order”
t0“bread wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The 3 g spray led plant height at Gleokhan with 54.42 cm.
- Taxon
- bread wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 3 g spray treatmente0
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- superiore0
- Value
- 54.42 cme0
- Setting
- Gleokhane1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The 3 g spray treatment was superior in the characteristics of plant height for both sites, the number of days up to 50% flowering, and grain yield of the Namrod site, with rates of (54.42 cm, 80.77 cm, 135.83 days, and 332.17 g.m-2), respectively”
t0“bread wheat”
e1“the total chlorophyll content of the Gleokhan site”
Claim · model-written summary
The 3 g spray led plant height at Namrod with 80.77 cm.
- Taxon
- bread wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 3 g spray treatmente0
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- superiore0
- Value
- 80.77 cme0
- Setting
- Namrod sitee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The 3 g spray treatment was superior in the characteristics of plant height for both sites, the number of days up to 50% flowering, and grain yield of the Namrod site, with rates of (54.42 cm, 80.77 cm, 135.83 days, and 332.17 g.m-2), respectively”
t0“bread wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The 3 g spray led days to 50% flowering at Namrod with 135.83 days.
- Taxon
- bread wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 3 g spray treatmente0
- Outcome
- number of days up to 50% floweringe0
- Direction
- superiore0
- Value
- 135.83 dayse0
- Setting
- Namrod sitee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The 3 g spray treatment was superior in the characteristics of plant height for both sites, the number of days up to 50% flowering, and grain yield of the Namrod site, with rates of (54.42 cm, 80.77 cm, 135.83 days, and 332.17 g.m-2), respectively”
t0“bread wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The 3 g spray led grain yield at Namrod with 332.17 g.m-2.
- Taxon
- bread wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 3 g spray treatmente0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- superiore0
- Value
- 332.17 g.m-2e0
- Setting
- Namrod sitee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The 3 g spray treatment was superior in the characteristics of plant height for both sites, the number of days up to 50% flowering, and grain yield of the Namrod site, with rates of (54.42 cm, 80.77 cm, 135.83 days, and 332.17 g.m-2), respectively”
t0“bread wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilizer levels did not differ significantly in Gleokhan flag leaf area and flowering time.
- Taxon
- bread wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- levels of fertilizere0
- Outcome
- flag leaf area and number of days up to 50% floweringe0
- Direction
- No significant differencese0
- Setting
- Gleokhan sitee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“No significant differences were recorded between the levels of fertilizer in terms of flag leaf area and number of days up to 50% flowering for Gleokhan site and number of grains per spike for both sites”
t0“bread wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilizer levels did not differ significantly in grain number per spike at either site.
- Taxon
- bread wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- levels of fertilizere0
- Outcome
- number of grains per spikee0
- Direction
- No significant differencese0
- Setting
- both sitese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“No significant differences were recorded between the levels of fertilizer in terms of flag leaf area and number of days up to 50% flowering for Gleokhan site and number of grains per spike for both sites”
t0“bread wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Bhoth 22 led grain yield at Namrod with 405.42 g m-2.
- Taxon
- bread wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Bhoth 22e0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- excellede0
- Value
- 405.42 g m-2e0
- Setting
- Namrod sitee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The cultivar Bhoth 22 excelled in terms of total chlorophyll content and the weight of 1000 grains at the Gleokhan site, and for the characteristics of the number of tillers, number of days up to 50% flowering, number of spikes, and grain yield of the Namrod site, as averages were recorded (27.29 Spad, 34.23 g, 302.75 tiller.m-2, 134.92 days, 290.17 spike.m-2 and 405.42 g m-2) respectively”
t0“bread wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Abu Ghraib led grains per spike at Namrod with 46.43 grains.spike-1.
- Taxon
- bread wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Abu Ghraibe0
- Outcome
- number of grains per spikee0
- Direction
- superioritye0
- Value
- 46.43 grains.spike-1e0
- Setting
- Al-Namrod sitee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The Abu Ghraib cultivar achieved superiority in the number of grains per spike at Al-Namrod site, with an average of (46.43 grains.spike-1)”
t0“bread wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Jihan led grain yield at Gleokhan with 108.08 g.m-2.
- Taxon
- bread wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Jihane0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- superioritye0
- Value
- 108.08 g.m-2e0
- Setting
- Gleokhan sitee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The cultivar Jihan achieved superiority in the two characteristics of the number of days up to 50% flowering and grain yield at Gleokhan site, with values of (131 days and 108.08 g.m-2), respectively”
t0“bread wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The 3 g spray with Bhoth 22 gave the highest grain yield at Namrod, 487.67 g.m-2.
- Taxon
- bread wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Bhoth 22e0
- Treatment
- 3 g spray treatmente0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 487.67 g.m-2e0
- Setting
- Namrod sitee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The interaction of 1 g spray treatment with Jihan cultivar recorded the highest average grain yield at Gleokhan site, and the 3 g spray treatment with Bhoth 22 cultivar had the highest average grain yield at Namrod site with values of (301 and 487.67 g.m-2), respectively”
t0“bread wheat”
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