Abstract
Heat and drought stresses have become more frequent and intense in the Mediterranean, strongly influencing arable crop phenology, growth, and grain yield. Agroforestry systems can effectively buffer the adverse climate conditions and stabilize or even increase crop yield under climate change. However, the positive effects of agroforestry remain uncertain due to the possible intense competition between trees and crops, especially for legume crops that have been less studied than cereals in such context. This study aimed to assess the response of the phenology, growth, grain yield, and yield-related traits of chickpea (Cicer arietinum), faba bean (Vicia faba), and lentil (Lens culinaris) to olive-based agroforestry (AFS) as compared to sole crops system (SCS) in the South of the Mediterranean. We conducted a field experiment during two growing seasons marked by an intense drought, either at the beginning (year 1) or at the end (year 2) of the crop cycle. Crop growth and yield were lower in year 1 than in year 2, reflecting the adverse growing conditions caused by the early drought. They were also lower in AFS than in SCS for both years, indicating that trees had competitive effects on crops. In year 1, the yield loss of grains in AFS was 66 % for lentil, 47 % for chickpea, and 43 % for faba bean compared to SCS, confirming the greater shade sensitivity of lentil. In year 2, the reduction was significantly smaller and was about 46 %, 34 %, 38 % for lentil, chickpea and, faba bean, respectively. The number of pods and grains were the most affected yield components by agroforestry and drought timing across the three legumes crops. Similar responses were found when comparing crops at different distances to trees within the AFS field. Crops generally had lower biomass and yield, explained by fewer pods and grains, on the northern side of trees compared to the southern side of trees or the middle of tree inter-rows, causing significant spatial heterogeneity in crops. However, lentil and chickpea had a positive response to shade during the early drought year while a negative response during the late drought year, suggesting that the benefits of the microclimate created by olive trees express depending on drought timing and crop physiology. Our study supports legume integration into AFS, suggesting that chickpea should be considered during high-stress conditions, while faba bean should be preferred during low-stress conditions.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
lentil grain yield in agroforestry fell 66 % relative to sole crops in year 1.
- Taxon
- lentil
Lens culinarise0 - Treatment
- AFSe0
- Outcome
- yield loss of grainse0
- Direction
- yield losse0
- Value
- 66 %e0
- Comparator
- SCSe0
Not reportedSetting
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In year 1, the yield loss of grains in AFS was 66 % for lentil, 47 % for chickpea, and 43 % for faba bean compared to SCS”
Claim · model-written summary
lentil grain yield in agroforestry fell 46 % relative to sole crops in year 2.
- Taxon
- lentilLens culinarise0
- Treatment
- AFSe1
- Outcome
- reductione0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 46 %e0
- Comparator
- SCSe1
Not reportedSetting
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In year 2, the reduction was significantly smaller and was about 46 %, 34 %, 38 % for lentil, chickpea and, faba bean, respectively”
e1“In year 1, the yield loss of grains in AFS was 66 % for lentil, 47 % for chickpea, and 43 % for faba bean compared to SCS”
Claim · model-written summary
chickpea grain yield in agroforestry fell 47 % relative to sole crops in year 1.
- Taxon
- chickpea
Cicer arietinume0 - Treatment
- AFSe0
- Outcome
- yield loss of grainse0
- Direction
- yield losse0
- Value
- 47 %e0
- Comparator
- SCSe0
Not reportedSetting
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In year 1, the yield loss of grains in AFS was 66 % for lentil, 47 % for chickpea, and 43 % for faba bean compared to SCS”
Claim · model-written summary
chickpea grain yield in agroforestry fell 34 % relative to sole crops in year 2.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Treatment
- AFSe1
- Outcome
- reductione0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 34 %e0
- Comparator
- SCSe1
Not reportedSetting
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In year 2, the reduction was significantly smaller and was about 46 %, 34 %, 38 % for lentil, chickpea and, faba bean, respectively”
e1“In year 1, the yield loss of grains in AFS was 66 % for lentil, 47 % for chickpea, and 43 % for faba bean compared to SCS”
Claim · model-written summary
faba bean grain yield in agroforestry fell 43 % relative to sole crops in year 1.
- Taxon
- faba bean
Vicia fabae0 - Treatment
- AFSe0
- Outcome
- yield loss of grainse0
- Direction
- yield losse0
- Value
- 43 %e0
- Comparator
- SCSe0
Not reportedSetting
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In year 1, the yield loss of grains in AFS was 66 % for lentil, 47 % for chickpea, and 43 % for faba bean compared to SCS”
Claim · model-written summary
faba bean grain yield in agroforestry fell 38 % relative to sole crops in year 2.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabae0
- Treatment
- AFSe1
- Outcome
- reductione0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 38 %e0
- Comparator
- SCSe1
Not reportedSetting
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In year 2, the reduction was significantly smaller and was about 46 %, 34 %, 38 % for lentil, chickpea and, faba bean, respectively”
e1“In year 1, the yield loss of grains in AFS was 66 % for lentil, 47 % for chickpea, and 43 % for faba bean compared to SCS”
Claim · model-written summary
lentil had a positive response to shade in the early drought year.
- Taxon
- lentilLens culinarise0
- Treatment
- shadee0
- Outcome
- positive responsee0
- Direction
- positivee0
- Qualifier
- early drought yeare0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, lentil and chickpea had a positive response to shade during the early drought year while a negative response during the late drought year”
Claim · model-written summary
lentil had a negative response to shade in the late drought year.
- Taxon
- lentilLens culinarise0
- Treatment
- shadee0
- Outcome
- negative responsee0
- Direction
- negativee0
- Qualifier
- late drought yeare0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, lentil and chickpea had a positive response to shade during the early drought year while a negative response during the late drought year”
Claim · model-written summary
chickpea had a positive response to shade in the early drought year.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Treatment
- shadee0
- Outcome
- positive responsee0
- Direction
- positivee0
- Qualifier
- early drought yeare0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, lentil and chickpea had a positive response to shade during the early drought year while a negative response during the late drought year”
Claim · model-written summary
chickpea had a negative response to shade in the late drought year.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Treatment
- shadee0
- Outcome
- negative responsee0
- Direction
- negativee0
- Qualifier
- late drought yeare0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“However, lentil and chickpea had a positive response to shade during the early drought year while a negative response during the late drought year”
Claim · model-written summary
Crop growth and yield were lower in the early drought year than in the late drought year.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Crop growth and yield were lower in year 1 than in year 2, reflecting the adverse growing conditions caused by the early drought”
Claim · model-written summary
Pod and grain numbers were the yield components most affected by agroforestry and drought timing.
Verbatim
e0“The number of pods and grains were the most affected yield components by agroforestry and drought timing across the three legumes crops”
Claim · model-written summary
Crops had lower biomass and yield on the northern side of trees than on the southern side or in inter-rows.
Verbatim
e0“Crops generally had lower biomass and yield, explained by fewer pods and grains, on the northern side of trees compared to the southern side of trees or the middle of tree inter-rows”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest chickpea for high-stress agroforestry conditions.
- Taxon
- chickpeaCicer arietinume0
- Outcome
- chickpea should be considered during high-stress conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chickpea should be considered during high-stress conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest faba bean for low-stress agroforestry conditions.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabae0
- Outcome
- faba bean should be preferred during low-stress conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“faba bean should be preferred during low-stress conditions”
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See all 73 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.