Abstract
Aluminum (Al) toxicity represents a primary constraint for crop production in acidic soils. Rice (Oryza sativa) is a highly Al-resistant species; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying its high Al resistance are still not fully understood. Here, we identified SAL1 (SENSITIVE TO ALUMINUM 1), which encodes a plasma membrane (PM)-localized PP2C.D phosphatase, as a crucial regulator of Al resistance using a forward genetic screen. SAL1 was found to interact with and inhibit the activity of PM H+-ATPases, and mutation of SAL1 increased PM H+-ATPase activity and Al uptake, causing hypersensitivity to internal Al toxicity. Furthermore, knockout of NRAT1 (NRAMP ALUMINUM TRANSPORTER 1) encoding an Al uptake transporter in a sal1 background rescued the Al-sensitive phenotype of sal1, revealing that coordination of Al accumulation in the cell, wall and symplasm is critical for Al resistance in rice. By contrast, we found that mutations of PP2C.D phosphatase-encoding genes in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) enhanced Al resistance, which was attributed to increased malate secretion. Our results reveal the importance of PP2C.D phosphatases in Al resistance and the different strategies used by rice and Arabidopsis to defend against Al toxicity.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
SAL1 was identified as a crucial regulator of aluminum resistance in rice.
- Taxon
- Rice (Oryza sativa)
Oryza sativae1 - Gene
- SAL1e2
- Outcome
- Al resistancee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Rice (Oryza sativa) is a highly Al-resistant species”
e2“we identified SAL1 (SENSITIVE TO ALUMINUM 1), which encodes a plasma membrane (PM)-localized PP2C.D phosphatase, as a crucial regulator of Al resistance using a forward genetic screen”
Claim · model-written summary
SAL1 interacts with and inhibits the activity of plasma membrane H+-ATPases in rice.
- Taxon
- Rice (Oryza sativa)Oryza sativae1
- Gene
- SAL1e3
- Outcome
- the activity of PM H+-ATPasese3
- Qualifier
- interact with and inhibite3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Rice (Oryza sativa) is a highly Al-resistant species”
e3“SAL1 was found to interact with and inhibit the activity of PM H+-ATPases”
Claim · model-written summary
Mutation of SAL1 increased PM H+-ATPase activity and Al uptake in rice.
- Taxon
- Rice (Oryza sativa)Oryza sativae1
- Treatment
- mutation of SAL1e4
- Gene
- SAL1e4
- Outcome
- PM H+-ATPase activity and Al uptakee4
- Direction
- increasede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Rice (Oryza sativa) is a highly Al-resistant species”
e4“mutation of SAL1 increased PM H+-ATPase activity and Al uptake, causing hypersensitivity to internal Al toxicity”
Claim · model-written summary
Mutation of SAL1 caused hypersensitivity to internal Al toxicity in rice.
- Taxon
- Rice (Oryza sativa)Oryza sativae1
- Treatment
- mutation of SAL1e4
- Outcome
- hypersensitivity to internal Al toxicitye4
- Direction
- increaseinferrede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Rice (Oryza sativa) is a highly Al-resistant species”
e4“mutation of SAL1 increased PM H+-ATPase activity and Al uptake, causing hypersensitivity to internal Al toxicity”
Claim · model-written summary
Knockout of NRAT1 in a sal1 background rescued the Al-sensitive phenotype of sal1 in rice.
- Taxon
- Rice (Oryza sativa)Oryza sativae1
- Treatment
- knockout of NRAT1e5
- Gene
- NRAT1e5
- Outcome
- Al-sensitive phenotypee5
- Direction
- rescuede5
- Qualifier
- in a sal1 backgrounde5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Rice (Oryza sativa) is a highly Al-resistant species”
e5“knockout of NRAT1 (NRAMP ALUMINUM TRANSPORTER 1) encoding an Al uptake transporter in a sal1 background rescued the Al-sensitive phenotype of sal1”
Claim · model-written summary
Mutations of PP2C.D phosphatase-encoding genes enhanced aluminum resistance in Arabidopsis.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana)
Arabidopsis thalianae6 - Treatment
- mutations of PP2C.D phosphatase-encoding genese6
- Outcome
- Al resistancee6
- Direction
- enhancede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“mutations of PP2C.D phosphatase-encoding genes in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) enhanced Al resistance, which was attributed to increased malate secretion”
Claim · model-written summary
The enhanced aluminum resistance of Arabidopsis PP2C.D mutants is attributed to increased malate secretion.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana)Arabidopsis thalianae6
- Compound
- malatee6
- Outcome
- Al resistancee6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“mutations of PP2C.D phosphatase-encoding genes in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) enhanced Al resistance, which was attributed to increased malate secretion”
Claim · model-written summary
Coordinated Al accumulation in the cell, wall and symplasm is critical for aluminum resistance in rice.
- Taxon
- Rice (Oryza sativa)Oryza sativae1
- Outcome
- Al resistancee7
- Qualifier
- coordination of Al accumulation in the cell, wall and symplasme7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Rice (Oryza sativa) is a highly Al-resistant species”
e7“revealing that coordination of Al accumulation in the cell, wall and symplasm is critical for Al resistance in rice”
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