Abstract
Abstract BACKGROUND Direct‐seeded rice has been developed rapidly because of labor savings. Changes in rice cultivation methods put forward new requirements for nitrogen (N) fertilizer management practices. Field experiments with five different fertilizer ratios of basal, tillering and panicle fertilizer, namely N1 (10:0:0), N2 (6:2:2), N3 (4:3:3), N4 (2:4:4) and N5 (0:5:5), were conducted to investigate the effects of different N fertilizer management practices on yield formation, N uptakes, and ammonia (NH 3 ) volatilization from paddy fields in direct‐seeded rice. RESULTS The results showed that the N4 treatment improved grain yield by 5.1% while decreasing NH 3 volatilization by 20.4% compared with that of conventional fertilizer treatment (N2). The panicle number per unit area was the key factor to determine the yield of direct‐seeded rice (72%). Excessive N application of basal fertilizer (N1) reduced seedling emergence, N use efficiency, and yield by 45.3%, 160.6%, and 6.9% respectively and increased NH 3 volatilization by 28.1% compared with that of the N4 treatment. Removal of basal N fertilizer (N5) N reduced spike number and yield by 13.0% and 6.9% respectively, minimizing NH 3 volatilization while affecting the construction of high‐yielding populations compared with that of the N4 treatment. CONCLUSION Optimized N fertilizer management achieved delayed senescence (maintenance of higher leaf Soil Plant Analysis Development meter values in late reproduction), higher canopy photoassimilation (suitable leaf area), higher N fertilizer use efficiency, and less N loss (lower cumulative NH 3 volatilization). © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
The N4 fertilizer treatment improved direct-seeded rice grain yield by 5.1% compared with conventional fertilizer (N2).
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Treatment
- N4 treatmente1
- Outcome
- grain yielde1
- Direction
- improvede1
- Value
- 5.1%e1
- Comparator
- conventional fertilizer treatment (N2)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Direct‐seeded rice has been developed rapidly because of labor savings”
e1“the N4 treatment improved grain yield by 5.1% while decreasing NH 3 volatilization by 20.4% compared with that of conventional fertilizer treatment (N2)”
Claim · model-written summary
The N4 fertilizer treatment decreased NH3 volatilization by 20.4% compared with conventional fertilizer (N2) in direct-seeded rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- N4 treatmente1
- Outcome
- NH 3 volatilizatione1
- Direction
- decreasinge1
- Value
- 20.4%e1
- Comparator
- conventional fertilizer treatment (N2)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Direct‐seeded rice has been developed rapidly because of labor savings”
e1“the N4 treatment improved grain yield by 5.1% while decreasing NH 3 volatilization by 20.4% compared with that of conventional fertilizer treatment (N2)”
Claim · model-written summary
Panicle number per unit area was the key factor determining direct-seeded rice yield, explaining 72%.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Organ / stage
- paniclee2
- Outcome
- yielde2
- Value
- 72%e2
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Direct‐seeded rice has been developed rapidly because of labor savings”
e2“The panicle number per unit area was the key factor to determine the yield of direct‐seeded rice (72%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Excessive basal N (N1) reduced seedling emergence by 45.3% compared with the N4 treatment.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Excessive N application of basal fertilizer (N1)e3
- Outcome
- seedling emergencee3
- Direction
- reducede3
- Value
- 45.3%e3
- Comparator
- N4 treatmente3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Direct‐seeded rice has been developed rapidly because of labor savings”
e3“Excessive N application of basal fertilizer (N1) reduced seedling emergence, N use efficiency, and yield by 45.3%, 160.6%, and 6.9% respectively and increased NH 3 volatilization by 28.1% compared with that of the N4 treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Excessive basal N (N1) reduced N use efficiency by 160.6% compared with the N4 treatment.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Excessive N application of basal fertilizer (N1)e3
- Outcome
- N use efficiencye3
- Direction
- reducede3
- Value
- 160.6%e3
- Comparator
- N4 treatmente3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Direct‐seeded rice has been developed rapidly because of labor savings”
e3“Excessive N application of basal fertilizer (N1) reduced seedling emergence, N use efficiency, and yield by 45.3%, 160.6%, and 6.9% respectively and increased NH 3 volatilization by 28.1% compared with that of the N4 treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Excessive basal N (N1) reduced yield by 6.9% compared with the N4 treatment.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Excessive N application of basal fertilizer (N1)e3
- Outcome
- yielde3
- Direction
- reducede3
- Value
- 6.9%e3
- Comparator
- N4 treatmente3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Direct‐seeded rice has been developed rapidly because of labor savings”
e3“Excessive N application of basal fertilizer (N1) reduced seedling emergence, N use efficiency, and yield by 45.3%, 160.6%, and 6.9% respectively and increased NH 3 volatilization by 28.1% compared with that of the N4 treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Excessive basal N (N1) increased NH3 volatilization by 28.1% compared with the N4 treatment.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Excessive N application of basal fertilizer (N1)e3
- Outcome
- NH 3 volatilizatione3
- Direction
- increasede3
- Value
- 28.1%e3
- Comparator
- N4 treatmente3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Direct‐seeded rice has been developed rapidly because of labor savings”
e3“Excessive N application of basal fertilizer (N1) reduced seedling emergence, N use efficiency, and yield by 45.3%, 160.6%, and 6.9% respectively and increased NH 3 volatilization by 28.1% compared with that of the N4 treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Removing basal N fertilizer (N5) reduced spike number by 13.0% compared with the N4 treatment.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Removal of basal N fertilizer (N5)e4
- Outcome
- spike numbere4
- Direction
- reducede4
- Value
- 13.0%e4
- Comparator
- N4 treatmente4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Direct‐seeded rice has been developed rapidly because of labor savings”
e4“Removal of basal N fertilizer (N5) N reduced spike number and yield by 13.0% and 6.9% respectively, minimizing NH 3 volatilization while affecting the construction of high‐yielding populations compared with that of the N4 treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Removing basal N fertilizer (N5) reduced yield by 6.9% compared with the N4 treatment.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Removal of basal N fertilizer (N5)e4
- Outcome
- yielde4
- Direction
- reducede4
- Value
- 6.9%e4
- Comparator
- N4 treatmente4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Direct‐seeded rice has been developed rapidly because of labor savings”
e4“Removal of basal N fertilizer (N5) N reduced spike number and yield by 13.0% and 6.9% respectively, minimizing NH 3 volatilization while affecting the construction of high‐yielding populations compared with that of the N4 treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Removing basal N fertilizer (N5) minimized NH3 volatilization compared with the N4 treatment.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Removal of basal N fertilizer (N5)e4
- Outcome
- NH 3 volatilizatione4
- Direction
- minimizinge4
- Comparator
- N4 treatmente4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Direct‐seeded rice has been developed rapidly because of labor savings”
e4“Removal of basal N fertilizer (N5) N reduced spike number and yield by 13.0% and 6.9% respectively, minimizing NH 3 volatilization while affecting the construction of high‐yielding populations compared with that of the N4 treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Optimized N fertilizer management delayed senescence in direct-seeded rice, with higher leaf SPAD values in late reproduction.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Optimized N fertilizer managemente5
- Outcome
- senescencee5
- Direction
- delayede5
- Qualifier
- maintenance of higher leaf Soil Plant Analysis Development meter values in late reproductione5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Direct‐seeded rice has been developed rapidly because of labor savings”
e5“Optimized N fertilizer management achieved delayed senescence (maintenance of higher leaf Soil Plant Analysis Development meter values in late reproduction), higher canopy photoassimilation (suitable leaf area), higher N fertilizer use efficiency, and less N loss (lower cumulative NH 3 volatilization)”
Claim · model-written summary
Optimized N fertilizer management increased canopy photoassimilation in direct-seeded rice, with suitable leaf area.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Optimized N fertilizer managemente5
- Outcome
- canopy photoassimilatione5
- Direction
- highere5
- Qualifier
- suitable leaf areae5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Direct‐seeded rice has been developed rapidly because of labor savings”
e5“Optimized N fertilizer management achieved delayed senescence (maintenance of higher leaf Soil Plant Analysis Development meter values in late reproduction), higher canopy photoassimilation (suitable leaf area), higher N fertilizer use efficiency, and less N loss (lower cumulative NH 3 volatilization)”
Claim · model-written summary
Optimized N fertilizer management increased N fertilizer use efficiency in direct-seeded rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Optimized N fertilizer managemente5
- Outcome
- N fertilizer use efficiencye5
- Direction
- highere5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Direct‐seeded rice has been developed rapidly because of labor savings”
e5“Optimized N fertilizer management achieved delayed senescence (maintenance of higher leaf Soil Plant Analysis Development meter values in late reproduction), higher canopy photoassimilation (suitable leaf area), higher N fertilizer use efficiency, and less N loss (lower cumulative NH 3 volatilization)”
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