Abstract
The availability of water and nitrogen in the soil affect the metabolism of onion bulbs. The synthesis of metabolites and bioactive compounds are the most affected, along with the quality of the onion bulbs However, it is necessary to know the effects of different water levels and nitrogen fertilization to optimize the quality of the onion. The objective of this research was to study the effects of the different conditions of hydric stress and nitrogen fertilization during the development of onion (Allium cepa L.) crop, regarding its physicochemical and bioactive properties. Onions were grown using four available irrigation regimes (25, 50, 75 and 100%) and four doses of nitrogen fertilization (100, 150, 200 and 250 kg N ha−1). Onion without any treatment was considered as a control. The treatments low in irrigation and nitrogen fertilization increased the pH level (5.7 to 5.9) and bulb coloration in bright white/yellowish tones. An increase was observed compared to control in titratable acidity (0.13%) just in the nitrogen content, ascorbic acid (46%) and antioxidant capacity with DPPH (12.3%) and ABTS (93.7%). A decrease was shown in soluble solids (14.6%), firmness (3.5 kg cm−2), dry matter (6.6%), total phenols (50%) and FRAP (33.2%) values. Pyruvic acid remained constant (1.5 µmol g−1 FW). The onion bulb extracts showed an erythroprotective effect with a hemolysis inhibition percentage higher than 95%. Finally, the onions had low pungency, and were soft and extra sweet. The treatments with 25% usable humidity and nitrogen fertilization of 150 and 250 kg ha−1, favored the physical, chemical and bioactive quality of the onion bulb.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Low irrigation and nitrogen fertilization treatments increased onion bulb pH level to 5.7 to 5.9 compared with control.
- Taxon
- onion (Allium cepa L.)
Allium cepat0 - Treatment
- treatments low in irrigation and nitrogen fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- pH levele0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 5.7 to 5.9e0
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“onion (Allium cepa L.)”
e0“The treatments low in irrigation and nitrogen fertilization increased the pH level (5.7 to 5.9) and bulb coloration in bright white/yellowish tones”
e1“Onion without any treatment was considered as a control”
Claim · model-written summary
Low irrigation and nitrogen fertilization treatments increased onion bulb coloration toward bright white/yellowish tones compared with control.
- Taxon
- onion (Allium cepa L.)Allium cepat0
- Treatment
- treatments low in irrigation and nitrogen fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- bulb coloratione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- bright white/yellowish tonese0
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“onion (Allium cepa L.)”
e0“The treatments low in irrigation and nitrogen fertilization increased the pH level (5.7 to 5.9) and bulb coloration in bright white/yellowish tones”
e1“Onion without any treatment was considered as a control”
Claim · model-written summary
Low irrigation and nitrogen fertilization treatments increased titratable acidity by 0.13% compared with control, just in the nitrogen content.
- Taxon
- onion (Allium cepa L.)Allium cepat0
- Treatment
- treatments low in irrigation and nitrogen fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- titratable aciditye2
- Direction
- increasee2
- Value
- 0.13%e2
- Qualifier
- just in the nitrogen contente2
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“onion (Allium cepa L.)”
e0“The treatments low in irrigation and nitrogen fertilization increased the pH level (5.7 to 5.9) and bulb coloration in bright white/yellowish tones”
e1“Onion without any treatment was considered as a control”
e2“An increase was observed compared to control in titratable acidity (0.13%) just in the nitrogen content, ascorbic acid (46%) and antioxidant capacity with DPPH (12.3%) and ABTS (93.7%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Low irrigation and nitrogen fertilization treatments increased onion ascorbic acid by 46% compared with control.
- Taxon
- onion (Allium cepa L.)Allium cepat0
- Treatment
- treatments low in irrigation and nitrogen fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- ascorbic acide2
- Direction
- increasee2
- Value
- 46%e2
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“onion (Allium cepa L.)”
e0“The treatments low in irrigation and nitrogen fertilization increased the pH level (5.7 to 5.9) and bulb coloration in bright white/yellowish tones”
e1“Onion without any treatment was considered as a control”
e2“An increase was observed compared to control in titratable acidity (0.13%) just in the nitrogen content, ascorbic acid (46%) and antioxidant capacity with DPPH (12.3%) and ABTS (93.7%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Low irrigation and nitrogen fertilization treatments increased onion antioxidant capacity with DPPH by 12.3% compared with control.
- Taxon
- onion (Allium cepa L.)Allium cepat0
- Treatment
- treatments low in irrigation and nitrogen fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- antioxidant capacity with DPPHe2
- Direction
- increasee2
- Value
- 12.3%e2
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“onion (Allium cepa L.)”
e0“The treatments low in irrigation and nitrogen fertilization increased the pH level (5.7 to 5.9) and bulb coloration in bright white/yellowish tones”
e1“Onion without any treatment was considered as a control”
e2“An increase was observed compared to control in titratable acidity (0.13%) just in the nitrogen content, ascorbic acid (46%) and antioxidant capacity with DPPH (12.3%) and ABTS (93.7%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Low irrigation and nitrogen fertilization treatments increased onion antioxidant capacity with ABTS by 93.7% compared with control.
- Taxon
- onion (Allium cepa L.)Allium cepat0
- Treatment
- treatments low in irrigation and nitrogen fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- ABTSe2
- Direction
- increasee2
- Value
- 93.7%e2
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“onion (Allium cepa L.)”
e0“The treatments low in irrigation and nitrogen fertilization increased the pH level (5.7 to 5.9) and bulb coloration in bright white/yellowish tones”
e1“Onion without any treatment was considered as a control”
e2“An increase was observed compared to control in titratable acidity (0.13%) just in the nitrogen content, ascorbic acid (46%) and antioxidant capacity with DPPH (12.3%) and ABTS (93.7%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Low irrigation and nitrogen fertilization treatments decreased onion soluble solids by 14.6% compared with control.
- Taxon
- onion (Allium cepa L.)Allium cepat0
- Treatment
- treatments low in irrigation and nitrogen fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- soluble solidse3
- Direction
- decreasee3
- Value
- 14.6%e3
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“onion (Allium cepa L.)”
e0“The treatments low in irrigation and nitrogen fertilization increased the pH level (5.7 to 5.9) and bulb coloration in bright white/yellowish tones”
e1“Onion without any treatment was considered as a control”
e3“A decrease was shown in soluble solids (14.6%), firmness (3.5 kg cm−2), dry matter (6.6%), total phenols (50%) and FRAP (33.2%) values”
Claim · model-written summary
Low irrigation and nitrogen fertilization treatments decreased onion firmness by 3.5 kg cm−2 compared with control.
- Taxon
- onion (Allium cepa L.)Allium cepat0
- Treatment
- treatments low in irrigation and nitrogen fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- firmnesse3
- Direction
- decreasee3
- Value
- 3.5 kg cm−2e3
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“onion (Allium cepa L.)”
e0“The treatments low in irrigation and nitrogen fertilization increased the pH level (5.7 to 5.9) and bulb coloration in bright white/yellowish tones”
e1“Onion without any treatment was considered as a control”
e3“A decrease was shown in soluble solids (14.6%), firmness (3.5 kg cm−2), dry matter (6.6%), total phenols (50%) and FRAP (33.2%) values”
Claim · model-written summary
Low irrigation and nitrogen fertilization treatments decreased onion dry matter by 6.6% compared with control.
- Taxon
- onion (Allium cepa L.)Allium cepat0
- Treatment
- treatments low in irrigation and nitrogen fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- dry mattere3
- Direction
- decreasee3
- Value
- 6.6%e3
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“onion (Allium cepa L.)”
e0“The treatments low in irrigation and nitrogen fertilization increased the pH level (5.7 to 5.9) and bulb coloration in bright white/yellowish tones”
e1“Onion without any treatment was considered as a control”
e3“A decrease was shown in soluble solids (14.6%), firmness (3.5 kg cm−2), dry matter (6.6%), total phenols (50%) and FRAP (33.2%) values”
Claim · model-written summary
Low irrigation and nitrogen fertilization treatments decreased onion total phenols by 50% compared with control.
- Taxon
- onion (Allium cepa L.)Allium cepat0
- Treatment
- treatments low in irrigation and nitrogen fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- total phenolse3
- Direction
- decreasee3
- Value
- 50%e3
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“onion (Allium cepa L.)”
e0“The treatments low in irrigation and nitrogen fertilization increased the pH level (5.7 to 5.9) and bulb coloration in bright white/yellowish tones”
e1“Onion without any treatment was considered as a control”
e3“A decrease was shown in soluble solids (14.6%), firmness (3.5 kg cm−2), dry matter (6.6%), total phenols (50%) and FRAP (33.2%) values”
Claim · model-written summary
Low irrigation and nitrogen fertilization treatments decreased onion FRAP by 33.2% compared with control.
- Taxon
- onion (Allium cepa L.)Allium cepat0
- Treatment
- treatments low in irrigation and nitrogen fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- FRAPe3
- Direction
- decreasee3
- Value
- 33.2%e3
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“onion (Allium cepa L.)”
e0“The treatments low in irrigation and nitrogen fertilization increased the pH level (5.7 to 5.9) and bulb coloration in bright white/yellowish tones”
e1“Onion without any treatment was considered as a control”
e3“A decrease was shown in soluble solids (14.6%), firmness (3.5 kg cm−2), dry matter (6.6%), total phenols (50%) and FRAP (33.2%) values”
Claim · model-written summary
Pyruvic acid in onion bulbs remained constant at 1.5 µmol g−1 FW under low irrigation and nitrogen fertilization treatments compared with control.
- Taxon
- onion (Allium cepa L.)Allium cepat0
- Treatment
- treatments low in irrigation and nitrogen fertilizatione0
- Outcome
- Pyruvic acide4
- Direction
- remained constante4
- Value
- 1.5 µmol g−1 FWe4
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“onion (Allium cepa L.)”
e0“The treatments low in irrigation and nitrogen fertilization increased the pH level (5.7 to 5.9) and bulb coloration in bright white/yellowish tones”
e1“Onion without any treatment was considered as a control”
e4“Pyruvic acid remained constant (1.5 µmol g−1 FW)”
Claim · model-written summary
Onion bulb extracts showed an erythroprotective effect with hemolysis inhibition higher than 95%.
- Taxon
- onion (Allium cepa L.)Allium cepat0
- Organ / stage
- onion bulb extractse5
- Outcome
- hemolysis inhibition percentagee5
- Value
- higher than 95%e5
- Qualifier
- erythroprotective effecte5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“onion (Allium cepa L.)”
e5“The onion bulb extracts showed an erythroprotective effect with a hemolysis inhibition percentage higher than 95%”
Claim · model-written summary
Onions had low pungency.
- Taxon
- onion (Allium cepa L.)Allium cepat0
- Outcome
- pungencye6
- Qualifier
- lowe6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“onion (Allium cepa L.)”
e6“Finally, the onions had low pungency, and were soft and extra sweet”
Claim · model-written summary
Onions were soft and extra sweet.
- Taxon
- onion (Allium cepa L.)Allium cepat0
- Outcome
- soft and extra sweete6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“onion (Allium cepa L.)”
e6“Finally, the onions had low pungency, and were soft and extra sweet”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation at 25% usable humidity with nitrogen fertilization of 150 and 250 kg ha−1 favors the physical, chemical and bioactive quality of onion bulbs.
- Taxon
- onion (Allium cepa L.)Allium cepat0
- Treatment
- 25% usable humidity and nitrogen fertilization of 150 and 250 kg ha−1e7
- Outcome
- physical, chemical and bioactive quality of the onion bulbe7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“onion (Allium cepa L.)”
e7“The treatments with 25% usable humidity and nitrogen fertilization of 150 and 250 kg ha−1, favored the physical, chemical and bioactive quality of the onion bulb”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.