Abstract
In this study, the role of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs, 10 mg·L−1) has been investigated in modulating the negative effects of drought and heat stresses on eight bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotype seedlings. Those genotypes included Giza-168, Giza-171, Misr-1, Misr-3, Shandweel-1, Sids-1, Sids-12, and Sids-14. The study included six treatments as follows: regular irrigation with 100% Field Capacity (FC) at a temperature of 23 ± 3 °C (T1), drought stress with 60% FC (T2), heat stress of 38 °C for 5 h·day−1 (T3), foliar spray of 10 mg·L−1 of SeNPs only (T4), a combination of drought stress with foliar spray of 10 mg·L−1 of SeNPs (T5), and heat stress with foliar spray of 10 mg·L−1 of SeNPs (T6). The experiment continued for 31 days. Foliar application of SeNPs improved the plant growth, morpho-physiological and biochemical responses, and expression of stress-responsive genes in wheat (T. aestivum L.) seedlings. Overall, morpho-physiological traits such as plant height (PH), shoot fresh weight (SFW), shoot dry weight (SDW), root fresh weight (RFW), and root dry weight (RDW) of wheat genotypes grown under different conditions ranged from 25.37–51.51 cm, 3.29–5.15 g, 0.50–1.97 g, 0.72–4.21 g, and 0.11–1.23 g, respectively. From the morpho-physiological perspective, drought stress had a greater detrimental impact on wheat plants than heat stress, whereas heat stress significantly impacted the expression of stress-responsive genes. Stress responses to drought and heat varied between wheat genotypes, suggesting that different genotypes are more resilient to stress. Exogenous spraying of 10 mg·L−1 of SeNPs improved the photosynthetic pigments, photosynthetic rate, gas exchange, and transpiration rate of wheat plants and enhanced drought and heat tolerance by increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes including catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the expression level of stress-responsive genes. Our results showed that spraying wheat seedlings with 10 mg·L−1 of SeNPs enhanced SOD activity for all genotypes as compared to the control, with the Sids-12 genotype having the highest value (196.43 U·mg−1 FW·min−1) and the Giza-168 genotype having the lowest (152.30 U·mg−1 FW·min−1). The expression of PIP1, LEA-1, HSP70, and HSP90 stress-responsive genes was more significant in tolerant genotypes (Giza-171 and Giza-168) than in sensitive ones (Misr-1 and Misr-3) in response to drought and heat stresses. Under stress conditions, the shoot and root fresh weights, photosynthetic pigment content, stomatal conductance (SC), and transpiration rate (TR) were positively correlated with plant height (PH), while root and shoot dry weights, malondialdehyde (MDA), proline, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and APX were negatively correlated. Multivariate analysis and biplot results revealed that genotypes Giza-168, Giza-171, Sids-12, and Sids-14 performed well in both stress situations and were classified as stress-tolerant genotypes. These best genotypes may be employed in future breeding projects as tools to face climate change. This study concluded that various physio-biochemicals and gene expression attributes under drought and heat stress could be modulated by foliar application of SeNPs in wheat genotypes, potentially alleviating the adverse effects of drought and heat stress.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar SeNPs improved wheat seedling growth and morphophysiological and biochemical responses.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- SeNPse0
- Outcome
- plant growth, morpho-physiological and biochemical responsese0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Foliar application of SeNPs improved the plant growth, morpho-physiological and biochemical responses, and expression of stress-responsive genes in wheat (T. aestivum L.) seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar SeNPs improved expression of wheat stress-responsive genes.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- SeNPse0
- Outcome
- expression of stress-responsive genese0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Foliar application of SeNPs improved the plant growth, morpho-physiological and biochemical responses, and expression of stress-responsive genes in wheat (T. aestivum L.) seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought had a greater detrimental impact on wheat than heat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- drought stresse0
- Outcome
- impact on wheat plantse0
- Direction
- greater detrimentale0
- Comparator
- heat stresse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“drought stress had a greater detrimental impact on wheat plants than heat stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat significantly affected expression of stress-responsive genes in wheat.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- heat stresse0
- Outcome
- expression of stress-responsive genese0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“heat stress significantly impacted the expression of stress-responsive genes”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought and heat responses varied among wheat genotypes.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Material
- wheat genotypese0
- Outcome
- Stress responses to drought and heate0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Stress responses to drought and heat varied between wheat genotypes”
Claim · model-written summary
SeNP spraying improved wheat photosynthetic pigments, photosynthetic rate, and gas exchange.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- 10 mg·L−1 of SeNPse0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic pigments, photosynthetic rate, gas exchangee0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exogenous spraying of 10 mg·L−1 of SeNPs improved the photosynthetic pigments, photosynthetic rate, gas exchange, and transpiration rate of wheat plants”
Claim · model-written summary
SeNP spraying improved wheat transpiration rate.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- 10 mg·L−1 of SeNPse0
- Outcome
- transpiration ratee0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exogenous spraying of 10 mg·L−1 of SeNPs improved the photosynthetic pigments, photosynthetic rate, gas exchange, and transpiration rate of wheat plants”
Claim · model-written summary
SeNPs increased antioxidant enzyme activity and stress-responsive gene expression, which the authors linked to enhanced drought and heat tolerance.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Gene
- antioxidant enzymese0
- Outcome
- drought and heat tolerancee0
- Qualifier
- increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymese0
Not reportedTreatment
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“enhanced drought and heat tolerance by increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes including catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the expression level of stress-responsive genes”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
SeNPs enhanced SOD activity across all wheat genotypes compared with control.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- 10 mg·L−1 of SeNPse0
- Gene
- SODe0
- Outcome
- SOD activitye0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“spraying wheat seedlings with 10 mg·L−1 of SeNPs enhanced SOD activity for all genotypes as compared to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Sids-12 had the highest SOD activity at 196.43 U·mg−1 FW·min−1.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Sids-12e0
- Outcome
- SOD activitye1
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 196.43 U·mg−1 FW·min−1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sids-12 genotype having the highest value (196.43 U·mg−1 FW·min−1)”
e1“enhanced SOD activity for all genotypes”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Giza-168 had the lowest SOD activity at 152.30 U·mg−1 FW·min−1.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Giza-168e0
- Outcome
- SOD activitye1
- Direction
- loweste0
- Value
- 152.30 U·mg−1 FW·min−1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Giza-168 genotype having the lowest (152.30 U·mg−1 FW·min−1)”
e1“enhanced SOD activity for all genotypes”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Stress-responsive gene expression was more significant in tolerant Giza-171 and Giza-168 than sensitive Misr-1 and Misr-3.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- tolerant genotypese0
- Gene
- PIP1, LEA-1, HSP70, and HSP90e0
- Outcome
- expressione0
- Direction
- more significante0
- Comparator
- sensitive onese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The expression of PIP1, LEA-1, HSP70, and HSP90 stress-responsive genes was more significant in tolerant genotypes (Giza-171 and Giza-168) than in sensitive ones (Misr-1 and Misr-3) in response to drought and heat stresses”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Under stress, fresh weights, photosynthetic pigment content, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate correlated positively with plant height.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- shoot and root fresh weights, photosynthetic pigment content, stomatal conductance (SC), and transpiration rate (TR)e0
- Direction
- positivelye0
- Comparator
- plant height (PH)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under stress conditions, the shoot and root fresh weights, photosynthetic pigment content, stomatal conductance (SC), and transpiration rate (TR) were positively correlated with plant height (PH)”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Under stress, root and shoot dry weights, MDA, proline, H2O2, and APX correlated negatively with plant height.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- root and shoot dry weights, malondialdehyde (MDA), proline, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and APXe0
- Direction
- negativelye0
- Comparator
- plant height (PH)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“while root and shoot dry weights, malondialdehyde (MDA), proline, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and APX were negatively correlated”
e1“with plant height (PH)”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Giza-168, Giza-171, Sids-12, and Sids-14 performed well in both stress conditions and were classified as tolerant.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Giza-168, Giza-171, Sids-12, and Sids-14e0
- Outcome
- performed well in both stress situations and were classified as stress-tolerant genotypese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“genotypes Giza-168, Giza-171, Sids-12, and Sids-14 performed well in both stress situations and were classified as stress-tolerant genotypes”
t0“Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose using the tolerant genotypes in future breeding for climate change.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- may be employed in future breeding projects as tools to face climate changee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These best genotypes may be employed in future breeding projects as tools to face climate change”
t0“Wheat”
The same questions in other papers
drought · organism · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
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