Abstract
Rational irrigation and chemical nitrogen fertilizer increase crop yield, water productivity (WP), and nitrogen-use efficiency (NUE), but excessive amounts of water and nitrogen increase nitrogen loss and negatively affect the soil and environment. Controlled-release fertilizers and organic fertilizers can replace chemical fertilizers, but their mechanisms for crop growth, yield, and water and nitrogen use are still unclear. This study conducted a 2-year field experiment to quantify the effect of irrigation and nitrogen reduction replacement on winter wheat growth, yield, WP, and NUE. The results indicated that irrigation water of 90 mm per time decreased the WP and increased soil water storage and evapotranspiration (ET). Compared with the no-nitrogen treatment, irrigation and nitrogen reduction replacement increased the leaf area index and chlorophyll content by 26.5–47.0% and 17.7–31.5%, respectively. In addition, the average yield of winter wheat 2 years after treatment with 75% of the traditional nitrogen rate (75% U), the traditional nitrogen rate (U), polymer-coated urea (PCU), and urea combined with organic fertilizer (U+OM) increased by 68.2%, 85.1%, 81.9%, and 95.1%, respectively, and the average nitrogen uptake of grains increased by 90.0%, 117.5%, 111.9%, and 147.2%, respectively. Compared with the nitrate nitrogen after U treatment, the residual nitrate nitrogen in a 0–160-cm soil profile after 75% U, PCU, and U+OM treatments decreased by 42.0%, 25.4%, and 9.7%, respectively. The average NUE of winter wheat increased by 4.7–30.5% after 2 years. The yield of winter wheat was significantly correlated with physiological growth indices (except for ET and 1000-grain weight), WP, and NUE. Large amounts of irrigation water did not significantly increase winter wheat yield, WP, or NUE. Therefore, when the irrigation volume is 60 mm, winter wheat can be sustainably produced with high WP and NUE values by using PCU treatment or a combination of urea and organic fertilizer. The results of this study can also provide reference and basis for winter wheat production in similar eco-climate areas.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation at 90 mm per time reduced water productivity.
- Taxon
- winter wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- irrigation water of 90 mm per timee0
- Outcome
- WPe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“irrigation water of 90 mm per time decreased the WP and increased soil water storage and evapotranspiration (ET)”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation at 90 mm per time increased soil water storage and evapotranspiration.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- irrigation water of 90 mm per timee0
- Outcome
- soil water storage and evapotranspiration (ET)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“irrigation water of 90 mm per time decreased the WP and increased soil water storage and evapotranspiration (ET)”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation and nitrogen replacement increased wheat leaf area index by 26.5–47.0% compared with no nitrogen.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- irrigation and nitrogen reduction replacemente0
- Outcome
- leaf area indexe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 26.5–47.0%e0
- Comparator
- no-nitrogen treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with the no-nitrogen treatment, irrigation and nitrogen reduction replacement increased the leaf area index and chlorophyll content by 26.5–47.0% and 17.7–31.5%, respectively”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation and nitrogen replacement increased chlorophyll content by 17.7–31.5% compared with no nitrogen.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- irrigation and nitrogen reduction replacemente0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 17.7–31.5%e0
- Comparator
- no-nitrogen treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with the no-nitrogen treatment, irrigation and nitrogen reduction replacement increased the leaf area index and chlorophyll content by 26.5–47.0% and 17.7–31.5%, respectively”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The 75% traditional nitrogen rate raised average wheat yield by 68.2%.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 75% of the traditional nitrogen rate (75% U)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 68.2%e0
Not reportedComparatorOutcome
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“75% of the traditional nitrogen rate (75% U), the traditional nitrogen rate (U), polymer-coated urea (PCU), and urea combined with organic fertilizer (U+OM) increased by 68.2%, 85.1%, 81.9%, and 95.1%, respectively”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The traditional nitrogen rate raised average wheat yield by 85.1%.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- the traditional nitrogen rate (U)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 85.1%e0
Not reportedComparatorOutcome
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the traditional nitrogen rate (U), polymer-coated urea (PCU), and urea combined with organic fertilizer (U+OM) increased by 68.2%, 85.1%, 81.9%, and 95.1%, respectively”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Polymer-coated urea raised average wheat yield by 81.9%.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- polymer-coated urea (PCU)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 81.9%e0
Not reportedComparatorOutcome
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“polymer-coated urea (PCU), and urea combined with organic fertilizer (U+OM) increased by 68.2%, 85.1%, 81.9%, and 95.1%, respectively”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Urea plus organic fertilizer raised average wheat yield by 95.1%.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- urea combined with organic fertilizer (U+OM)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 95.1%e0
Not reportedComparatorOutcome
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“urea combined with organic fertilizer (U+OM) increased by 68.2%, 85.1%, 81.9%, and 95.1%, respectively”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Average wheat grain nitrogen uptake rose by 90.0%, 117.5%, 111.9% and 147.2% under the four listed nitrogen treatments, respectively.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- nitrogen uptake of grainse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 90.0%, 117.5%, 111.9%, and 147.2%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the average nitrogen uptake of grains increased by 90.0%, 117.5%, 111.9%, and 147.2%, respectively”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Residual soil nitrate decreased by 42.0%, 25.4% and 9.7% under 75% U, PCU and U+OM relative to U.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- residual nitrate nitrogene0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 42.0%, 25.4%, and 9.7%e0
- Comparator
- U treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with the nitrate nitrogen after U treatment, the residual nitrate nitrogen in a 0–160-cm soil profile after 75% U, PCU, and U+OM treatments decreased by 42.0%, 25.4%, and 9.7%, respectively”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Average wheat nitrogen use efficiency increased by 4.7–30.5% after two years.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- NUEe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 4.7–30.5%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The average NUE of winter wheat increased by 4.7–30.5% after 2 years”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat yield correlated significantly with physiological growth indices other than evapotranspiration and thousand-grain weight, water productivity and nitrogen use efficiency.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Qualifier
- except for ET and 1000-grain weighte0
- Comparator
- physiological growth indicese0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The yield of winter wheat was significantly correlated with physiological growth indices (except for ET and 1000-grain weight), WP, and NUE”
Claim · model-written summary
Large irrigation amounts did not significantly increase wheat yield, water productivity or nitrogen use efficiency.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- Large amounts of irrigation watere0
- Outcome
- winter wheat yield, WP, or NUEe0
- Direction
- did not significantly increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Large amounts of irrigation water did not significantly increase winter wheat yield, WP, or NUE”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend 60 mm irrigation with PCU or urea plus organic fertilizer for sustainable wheat production with high water productivity and nitrogen use efficiency.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- irrigation volume is 60 mme0
- Outcome
- sustainably producede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“when the irrigation volume is 60 mm, winter wheat can be sustainably produced with high WP and NUE values by using PCU treatment or a combination of urea and organic fertilizer”
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