Abstract
Contamination by heavy metals has severely hampered agricultural productivity across the world. Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most dangerous heavy metals to plants. Melatonin (ME), a stress-relief hormone, has been extensively utilized to reduce phytotoxicity caused by heavy metals. In this work, we examined how ME reduced Cd damage in strawberry seedlings. The results revealed that Cd stress dramatically reduced growth characteristics (fresh and dry weight, root and shoot length), leaf gas exchange elements, and pigments content (chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b) in strawberry seedlings. In contrast, ME application efficiently enhanced growth and biomass production, increased net photosynthetic rate, and improved pigments molecules in strawberry seedling under Cd toxicity. Cadmium treatment effectively improved the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), whereas ME strictly counterbalanced these oxidative stress markers. Furthermore, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT), were dominantly increased by ME. Additionally, ME supplementation significantly improved secondary metabolites (phenols, anthocyanin, and flavonoids) content, and these metabolites potentially restricted excess H 2 O 2 accumulation. In conclusion, our results revealed that ME might help to reduce Cd-induced phytotoxicity in strawberry seedlings by increasing growth, photosynthesis , redox homeostasis, and secondary metabolites. • Melatonin enhanced cadmium stress tolerance in strawberry plants. • Melatonin stimulates antioxidant defense system in strawberry seedling under cadmium toxicity. • Melatonin increased photosynthesis apparatus in cadmium-stressed strawberry plants. • Melatonin as a supplement regulates defense mechanism in strawberry under cadmium stress.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium stress reduced fresh and dry weight of strawberry seedlings
- Taxon
- strawberry
_single2.jpg?width=60)
Fragaria ×ananassae0 - Treatment
- Cd stresse1
- Outcome
- fresh and dry weighte1
- Direction
- reducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_single2.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“we examined how ME reduced Cd damage in strawberry seedlings”
e1“The results revealed that Cd stress dramatically reduced growth characteristics (fresh and dry weight, root and shoot length), leaf gas exchange elements, and pigments content (chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b) in strawberry seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium stress reduced root and shoot length of strawberry seedlings
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae0
- Treatment
- Cd stresse1
- Outcome
- root and shoot lengthe1
- Direction
- reducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“we examined how ME reduced Cd damage in strawberry seedlings”
e1“The results revealed that Cd stress dramatically reduced growth characteristics (fresh and dry weight, root and shoot length), leaf gas exchange elements, and pigments content (chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b) in strawberry seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium stress reduced leaf gas exchange elements of strawberry seedlings
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae0
- Treatment
- Cd stresse1
- Outcome
- leaf gas exchange elementse1
- Direction
- reducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“we examined how ME reduced Cd damage in strawberry seedlings”
e1“The results revealed that Cd stress dramatically reduced growth characteristics (fresh and dry weight, root and shoot length), leaf gas exchange elements, and pigments content (chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b) in strawberry seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium stress reduced chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b content of strawberry seedlings
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae0
- Treatment
- Cd stresse1
- Outcome
- pigments content (chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b)e1
- Direction
- reducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“we examined how ME reduced Cd damage in strawberry seedlings”
e1“The results revealed that Cd stress dramatically reduced growth characteristics (fresh and dry weight, root and shoot length), leaf gas exchange elements, and pigments content (chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b) in strawberry seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin enhanced growth and biomass production of cadmium-stressed strawberry seedlings
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae0
- Treatment
- ME applicatione2
- Outcome
- growth and biomass productione2
- Direction
- enhancede2
- Comparator
- Cd toxicitye2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“we examined how ME reduced Cd damage in strawberry seedlings”
e2“In contrast, ME application efficiently enhanced growth and biomass production, increased net photosynthetic rate, and improved pigments molecules in strawberry seedling under Cd toxicity”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin increased net photosynthetic rate of cadmium-stressed strawberry seedlings
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae0
- Treatment
- ME applicatione2
- Outcome
- net photosynthetic ratee2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Comparator
- Cd toxicitye2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“we examined how ME reduced Cd damage in strawberry seedlings”
e2“In contrast, ME application efficiently enhanced growth and biomass production, increased net photosynthetic rate, and improved pigments molecules in strawberry seedling under Cd toxicity”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin improved pigment molecules of cadmium-stressed strawberry seedlings
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae0
- Treatment
- ME applicatione2
- Outcome
- pigments moleculese2
- Direction
- improvede2
- Comparator
- Cd toxicitye2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“we examined how ME reduced Cd damage in strawberry seedlings”
e2“In contrast, ME application efficiently enhanced growth and biomass production, increased net photosynthetic rate, and improved pigments molecules in strawberry seedling under Cd toxicity”
Claim · model-written summary
Cadmium treatment improved the level of malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide in strawberry seedlings
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae0
- Treatment
- Cadmium treatmente3
- Outcome
- the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 )e3
- Direction
- improvede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“we examined how ME reduced Cd damage in strawberry seedlings”
e3“Cadmium treatment effectively improved the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), whereas ME strictly counterbalanced these oxidative stress markers”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin counterbalanced the oxidative stress markers malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide in cadmium-stressed strawberry seedlings
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae0
- Treatment
- MEe3
- Outcome
- these oxidative stress markerse3
- Direction
- counterbalancede3
- Comparator
- Cadmium treatmente3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“we examined how ME reduced Cd damage in strawberry seedlings”
e3“Cadmium treatment effectively improved the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), whereas ME strictly counterbalanced these oxidative stress markers”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin dominantly increased superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and catalase activities in strawberry seedlings
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae0
- Treatment
- MEe4
- Outcome
- the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT)e4
- Direction
- dominantly increasede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“we examined how ME reduced Cd damage in strawberry seedlings”
e4“Furthermore, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT), were dominantly increased by ME”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin supplementation significantly improved phenols, anthocyanin and flavonoid content in cadmium-stressed strawberry seedlings
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae0
- Treatment
- ME supplementatione5
- Outcome
- secondary metabolites (phenols, anthocyanin, and flavonoids) contente5
- Direction
- improvede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“we examined how ME reduced Cd damage in strawberry seedlings”
e5“Additionally, ME supplementation significantly improved secondary metabolites (phenols, anthocyanin, and flavonoids) content”
Claim · model-written summary
Secondary metabolites potentially restricted excess hydrogen peroxide accumulation in strawberry seedlings
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae0
- Compound
- phenols, anthocyanin, and flavonoidse5
- Outcome
- excess H 2 O 2 accumulatione6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“we examined how ME reduced Cd damage in strawberry seedlings”
e5“Additionally, ME supplementation significantly improved secondary metabolites (phenols, anthocyanin, and flavonoids) content”
e6“these metabolites potentially restricted excess H 2 O 2 accumulation”
The same questions in other papers
melatonin · yield · Fragaria x ananassa (strawberry)Positive and negative results
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- no effect
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See all 8 papers →cadmium atom · physiology: gas exchange · Fragaria x ananassa (strawberry)Results agree
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cadmium atom · physiology: pigments · Fragaria x ananassa (strawberry)Results agree
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cadmium atom · physiology: oxidative · Fragaria x ananassa (strawberry)Results agree
4 papers in the same direction as this paper
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See all 5 papers →8 of 12 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.