Abstract
Introduction Trans -cinnamaldehyde is a specialised metabolite that naturally occurs in plants of the Lauraceae family. This study focused on the phytotoxic effects of this compound on the morphology and metabolism of Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. Material and methods To evaluate the phytotoxicity of trans -cinnamaldehyde, a dose-response curve was first performed for the root growth process in order to calculate the reference inhibitory concentrations IC50 and IC80 ( trans -cinnamaldehyde concentrations inducing a 50% and 80% inhibition, respectively). Subsequently, the structure and ultrastructure of the roots treated with the compound were analysed by light and electron microscopy. Based on these results, the following assays were carried out to in depth study the possible mode of action of the compound: antiauxinic PCIB reversion bioassay, determination of mitochondrial membrane potential, ROS detection, lipid peroxidation content, hormone quantification, in silico studies and gene expression of ALDH enzymes. Results Trans -cinnamaldehyde IC50 and IC80 values were as low as 46 and 87 μM, reducing the root growth and inducing the occurrence of adventitious roots. At the ultrastructural level, the compound caused alterations to the mitochondria, which were confirmed by detection of the mitochondrial membrane potential. The morphology observed after the treatment (i.e., appearance of adventitious roots) suggested a possible hormonal mismatch at the auxin level, which was confirmed after PCIB bioassay and hormone quantification by GC-MS. The addition of the compound caused an increase in benzoic, salicylic and indoleacetic acid content, which was related to the increased gene expression of the aldehyde dehydrogenase enzymes that can drive the conversion of trans -cinnamaldehyde to cinnamic acid. Also, an increase of ROS was also observed in treated roots. The enzyme-compound interaction was shown to be stable over time by docking and molecular dynamics assays. Discussion The aldehyde dehydrogenases could drive the conversion of trans -cinnamaldehyde to cinnamic acid, increasing the levels of benzoic, salicylic and indoleacetic acids and causing the oxidative stress symptoms observed in the treated seedlings. This would result into growth and development inhibition of the trans -cinnamaldehyde-treated seedlings and ultimately in their programmed-cell-death.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Trans-cinnamaldehyde inhibited root growth at low IC50 and IC80 concentrations.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thaliana
Arabidopsis thalianat0 - Treatment
- Trans -cinnamaldehydee0
- Outcome
- root growthe0
- Direction
- reducinge0
- Value
- 46 and 87 μMe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Trans -cinnamaldehyde IC50 and IC80 values were as low as 46 and 87 μM, reducing the root growth”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
Trans-cinnamaldehyde induced adventitious roots.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- Trans -cinnamaldehydee1
- Outcome
- occurrence of adventitious rootse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“inducing the occurrence of adventitious roots”
e1“Trans -cinnamaldehyde IC50 and IC80 values were as low as 46 and 87 μM”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
The compound altered mitochondria and mitochondrial membrane potential.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- Trans -cinnamaldehydee1
- Outcome
- alterations to the mitochondriae0
- Qualifier
- mitochondrial membrane potentiale0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the compound caused alterations to the mitochondria, which were confirmed by detection of the mitochondrial membrane potential”
e1“Trans -cinnamaldehyde IC50 and IC80 values”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
PCIB and hormone assays supported an auxin-level hormonal mismatch after treatment.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Outcome
- hormonal mismatch at the auxin levele0
- Qualifier
- PCIB bioassay and hormone quantification by GC-MSe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“appearance of adventitious roots) suggested a possible hormonal mismatch at the auxin level, which was confirmed after PCIB bioassay and hormone quantification by GC-MS”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
The compound increased benzoic, salicylic and indoleacetic acid content.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- trans -cinnamaldehydee1
- Outcome
- benzoic, salicylic and indoleacetic acid contente0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The addition of the compound caused an increase in benzoic, salicylic and indoleacetic acid content”
e1“phytotoxicity of trans -cinnamaldehyde”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
Aldehyde dehydrogenase gene expression increased in relation to the acid-content increase.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Gene
- aldehyde dehydrogenase enzymese0
- Outcome
- increased gene expressione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- conversion of trans -cinnamaldehyde to cinnamic acide0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“which was related to the increased gene expression of the aldehyde dehydrogenase enzymes that can drive the conversion of trans -cinnamaldehyde to cinnamic acid”
e1“The addition of the compound caused an increase in benzoic, salicylic and indoleacetic acid content”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
Treated roots showed increased ROS.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- trans -cinnamaldehydee1
- Outcome
- ROSe0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“an increase of ROS was also observed in treated roots”
e1“phytotoxicity of trans -cinnamaldehyde”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
Docking and molecular dynamics showed a stable enzyme–compound interaction over time.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Outcome
- enzyme-compound interactione0
- Qualifier
- stable over timee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The enzyme-compound interaction was shown to be stable over time by docking and molecular dynamics assays”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose aldehyde dehydrogenase conversion of trans-cinnamaldehyde as a source of acid increases and oxidative stress.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Gene
- aldehyde dehydrogenasese0
- Outcome
- oxidative stress symptomse0
- Qualifier
- could drive the conversion of trans -cinnamaldehyde to cinnamic acide0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The aldehyde dehydrogenases could drive the conversion of trans -cinnamaldehyde to cinnamic acid, increasing the levels of benzoic, salicylic and indoleacetic acids and causing the oxidative stress symptoms observed in the treated seedlings”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
The proposed process would inhibit seedling growth and development and ultimately lead to programmed cell death.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Outcome
- growth and development inhibitione0
- Qualifier
- programmed-cell-deathe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This would result into growth and development inhibition of the trans -cinnamaldehyde-treated seedlings and ultimately in their programmed-cell-death”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
e1“The aldehyde dehydrogenases could drive the conversion of trans -cinnamaldehyde to cinnamic acid”
The same questions in other papers
(E)-cinnamaldehyde · molecular: metabolites · Arabidopsis thaliana (thale cress)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.