Abstract
The cucumber (Cucumis sativa L.) is often subjected to several fungal diseases. Rhizoctonia solani-induced cucumber damping-off and root rot are the most common diseases reported from the commercial greenhouses of the eastern area of Saudi Arabia. The objective of the current study is to explore the antagonistic activity of four Trichoderma species against R. solani in vitro and in vivo. Ten R. solani isolates (eight belonging to AG-4 and two belonging to AG-A and AG2-1) were studied. AG4 isolates were pathogenic to cucumber plants, while AG-A and AG2-1 isolates were non-pathogenic. Seven isolates of Trichoderma spp., named T. hamatum KSATR8, T. harzianum (KSATR9 and KSATR10), T. asperellum (KSATR11, KSATC, and KSAT1E), and T. longibrachiatum KSATS were isolated, and the identities of both R. solani and Trichoderma isolates were confirmed based on the phylogenetic analysis of the DNA sequence of the ITS region. The dual culture findings indicated that T. asperellum KSATC and KSAT1E exhibited the most significant inhibitory activities against R. solani, with values of 79.33 and 70.89%, respectively. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images showed a considerable degradation in the cell wall and collapsing of R. solani hyphae by all Trichoderma species. Under greenhouse conditions, the application of T. asperellum KSATC and KSAT1E at concentrations of 2 × 108 conidia/mL revealed a reduction in root rot and damping-off incidence percentages with values that did not reveal a significant (p < 0.05) difference from those of Rizolex-T fungicide. Nevertheless, the efficacy of the fungicide attained 86.67%, being higher than that of T. asperellum KSATC, which reached 80%. Trichoderma asperellum KSATC and KSAT1E were the greatest in increasing peroxidase, catalase, and chitinase enzymes activities in cucumber plants. Conversely, a significant (p < 0.05) elevation in polyphenol oxidase enzyme (0.762 and 0.97 U/g FW) and total phenol content (0.55 and 0.62 mg/g FW) was recorded in cucumber plants treated with T. harzianum KSATR9 and KSATR10, respectively. The statistical analysis results displayed no considerable variations among cucumber plants regarding total chlorophyll content as a response to treatments with Trichoderma species and fungicides. Therefore, we endorse using T. asperellum KSATC and KSAT1E as an alternative to fungicides to manage root rot and damping-off in cucumbers.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
AG4 isolates were pathogenic to cucumber plants.
- Taxon
- cucumber
Cucumis sativuse0 - Interactor
- AG4 isolatese0pathogen
- Outcome
- pathogenic to cucumber plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AG4 isolates were pathogenic to cucumber plants”
Claim · model-written summary
AG-A and AG2-1 isolates were non-pathogenic to cucumber.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativust0
- Interactor
- AG-A and AG2-1 isolatese0pathogen
- Outcome
- non-pathogenice0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AG-A and AG2-1 isolates were non-pathogenic”
t0“Cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
T. asperellum KSATC inhibited R. solani by 79.33% in dual culture.
- Taxon
- CucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- T. asperellum KSATCe0
- Interactor
- R. solani
Rhizoctonia solanie0pathogen - Second interactor
- T. asperellum KSATC
Trichoderma asperellume0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- inhibitory activities against R. solanie0
- Direction
- inhibitorye0
- Value
- 79.33e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“T. asperellum KSATC and KSAT1E exhibited the most significant inhibitory activities against R. solani, with values of 79.33 and 70.89%, respectively”
t0“Cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
T. asperellum KSAT1E inhibited R. solani by 70.89% in dual culture.
- Taxon
- CucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- KSAT1Ee0
- Interactor
- R. solaniRhizoctonia solanie0pathogen
- Second interactor
- KSAT1Ee0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- inhibitory activities against R. solanie0
- Direction
- inhibitorye0
- Value
- 70.89%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“T. asperellum KSATC and KSAT1E exhibited the most significant inhibitory activities against R. solani, with values of 79.33 and 70.89%, respectively”
t0“Cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
All Trichoderma species degraded and collapsed R. solani hyphae.
- Taxon
- CucumberCucumis sativust0
- Interactor
- R. solaniRhizoctonia solanie0pathogen
- Second interactor
- Trichoderma species
Trichodermae0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- degradation in the cell wall and collapsing of R. solani hyphaee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a considerable degradation in the cell wall and collapsing of R. solani hyphae by all Trichoderma species”
t0“Cucumber”
Claim · model-written summary
Greenhouse T. asperellum KSATC and KSAT1E reduced cucumber root rot and damping-off incidence, without a reported significant difference from Rizolex-T.
- Taxon
- CucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- T. asperellum KSATC and KSAT1E at concentrations of 2 × 108 conidia/mLe0
- Interactor
- R. solaniRhizoctonia solanit1pathogene0
- Second interactor
- T. asperellum KSATC and KSAT1Ee0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- root rot and damping-off incidence percentagese0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Comparator
- Rizolex-T fungicidee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the application of T. asperellum KSATC and KSAT1E at concentrations of 2 × 108 conidia/mL revealed a reduction in root rot and damping-off incidence percentages with values that did not reveal a significant (p < 0.05) difference from those of Rizolex-T fungicide”
t0“Cucumber”
t1“T. asperellum KSATC and KSAT1E exhibited the most significant inhibitory activities against R. solani, with values of 79.33 and 70.89%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Rizolex-T fungicide reached 86.67% efficacy, above KSATC.
- Taxon
- CucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- fungicidee0
- Interactor
- R. solaniRhizoctonia solanit1pathogene0
- Outcome
- efficacy of the fungicidee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 86.67%e0
- Comparator
- T. asperellum KSATCe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the efficacy of the fungicide attained 86.67%, being higher than that of T. asperellum KSATC”
t0“Cucumber”
t1“T. asperellum KSATC and KSAT1E exhibited the most significant inhibitory activities against R. solani, with values of 79.33 and 70.89%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
T. asperellum KSATC reached 80% efficacy.
- Taxon
- CucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- T. asperellum KSATCe0
- Interactor
- R. solaniRhizoctonia solanie2pathogene0
- Second interactor
- T. asperellum KSATCTrichoderma asperellume0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- efficacyt1
- Value
- 80%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“T. asperellum KSATC, which reached 80%”
t0“Cucumber”
t1“the efficacy of the fungicide attained 86.67%, being higher than that of T. asperellum KSATC”
e2“T. asperellum KSATC and KSAT1E exhibited the most significant inhibitory activities against R. solani, with values of 79.33 and 70.89%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
T. asperellum KSATC and KSAT1E produced the greatest increases in peroxidase, catalase and chitinase activity.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativuse0
- Treatment
- Trichoderma asperellum KSATC and KSAT1Ee0
- Interactor
- Trichoderma asperellum KSATC and KSAT1Ee0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- peroxidase, catalase, and chitinase enzymes activitiese0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Trichoderma asperellum KSATC and KSAT1E were the greatest in increasing peroxidase, catalase, and chitinase enzymes activities in cucumber plants”
Claim · model-written summary
T. harzianum KSATR9 increased cucumber polyphenol oxidase activity to 0.762 U/g FW.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativuse0
- Treatment
- T. harzianum KSATR9e0
- Interactor
- T. harzianum KSATR9Trichoderma harzianume0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- polyphenol oxidase enzymee0
- Direction
- elevatione0
- Value
- 0.762e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a significant (p < 0.05) elevation in polyphenol oxidase enzyme (0.762 and 0.97 U/g FW) and total phenol content (0.55 and 0.62 mg/g FW) was recorded in cucumber plants treated with T. harzianum KSATR9 and KSATR10, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
T. harzianum KSATR10 increased cucumber polyphenol oxidase activity to 0.97 U/g FW.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativuse0
- Treatment
- KSATR10e0
- Interactor
- KSATR10e0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- polyphenol oxidase enzymee0
- Direction
- elevatione0
- Value
- 0.97 U/g FWe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a significant (p < 0.05) elevation in polyphenol oxidase enzyme (0.762 and 0.97 U/g FW) and total phenol content (0.55 and 0.62 mg/g FW) was recorded in cucumber plants treated with T. harzianum KSATR9 and KSATR10, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
T. harzianum KSATR9 increased cucumber total phenol content to 0.55 mg/g FW.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativuse0
- Treatment
- T. harzianum KSATR9e0
- Interactor
- T. harzianum KSATR9Trichoderma harzianume0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- total phenol contente0
- Direction
- elevatione0
- Value
- 0.55e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a significant (p < 0.05) elevation in polyphenol oxidase enzyme (0.762 and 0.97 U/g FW) and total phenol content (0.55 and 0.62 mg/g FW) was recorded in cucumber plants treated with T. harzianum KSATR9 and KSATR10, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
T. harzianum KSATR10 increased cucumber total phenol content to 0.62 mg/g FW.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativuse0
- Treatment
- KSATR10e0
- Interactor
- KSATR10e0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- total phenol contente0
- Direction
- elevatione0
- Value
- 0.62 mg/g FWe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a significant (p < 0.05) elevation in polyphenol oxidase enzyme (0.762 and 0.97 U/g FW) and total phenol content (0.55 and 0.62 mg/g FW) was recorded in cucumber plants treated with T. harzianum KSATR9 and KSATR10, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Total chlorophyll did not vary considerably among cucumber treatments.
- Taxon
- cucumberCucumis sativuse0
- Treatment
- Trichoderma species and fungicidese0
- Interactor
- Trichoderma speciesTrichodermae0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- total chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- no considerable variationse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“no considerable variations among cucumber plants regarding total chlorophyll content as a response to treatments with Trichoderma species and fungicides”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend T. asperellum KSATC and KSAT1E as fungicide alternatives for cucumber disease management.
- Taxon
- cucumbersCucumis sativuse0
- Interactor
- T. asperellum KSATC and KSAT1Ee0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- using T. asperellum KSATC and KSAT1E as an alternative to fungicides to manage root rot and damping-offe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“we endorse using T. asperellum KSATC and KSAT1E as an alternative to fungicides to manage root rot and damping-off in cucumbers”
The same questions in other papers
Trichoderma · physiology: pigments · Cucumis sativus (cucumber)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.