Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) play key roles in enhancing plant tolerance to heavy metals, and iron (Fe) compounds can reduce the bioavailability of arsenic (As) in soil, thereby alleviating As toxicity. However, there have been limited studies of the synergistic antioxidant mechanisms of AMF (Funneliformis mosseae) and Fe compounds in the alleviation of As toxicity on leaves of maize (Zea mays L.) with low and moderate As contamination. In this study, a pot experiment was conducted with different concentrations of As (0, 25, 50 mgꞏkg−1) and Fe (0, 50 mgꞏkg−1) and AMF treatments. Results showed that under low and moderate As concentrations (As25 and As50), the co-inoculation of AMF and Fe compound significantly increased the biomass of maize stems and roots, phosphorus (P) concentration, and P-to-As uptake ratio. Moreover, the co-inoculation of AMF and Fe compound addition significantly reduced the As concentration in stem and root, malondialdehyde (MDA) content in leaf, and soluble protein and non-protein thiol (NPT) contents in leaf of maize under As25 and As50 treatments. In addition, co-inoculation with AMF and Fe compound addition significantly increased the activities of catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the leaves of maize under As25 treatment. Correlation analysis showed that stem biomass and leaf MDA content were very significantly negatively correlated with stem As content, respectively. In conclusion, the results indicated that the co-inoculation of AMF and Fe compound addition can inhibit As uptake and promote P uptake by maize under low and moderate As contamination, thereby mitigating the lipid peroxidation on maize leaves and reducing As toxicity by enhancing the activities of antioxidant enzymes under low As contamination. These findings provide a theoretical basis for the application of AMF and Fe compounds in the restoration of cropland soil contaminated with low and moderate As.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
AMF and iron significantly increased maize stem and root biomass under As25 and As50.
- Treatment
- co-inoculation of AMF and Fe compounde0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- biomass of maize stems and rootse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- As25 and As50e0
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“under low and moderate As concentrations (As25 and As50), the co-inoculation of AMF and Fe compound significantly increased the biomass of maize stems and roots”
e1“Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF and iron significantly increased maize P concentration under As25 and As50.
- Treatment
- co-inoculation of AMF and Fe compounde0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- phosphorus (P) concentratione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- As25 and As50e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“under low and moderate As concentrations (As25 and As50), the co-inoculation of AMF and Fe compound significantly increased the biomass of maize stems and roots, phosphorus (P) concentration, and P-to-As uptake ratio”
e1“maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF and iron significantly increased maize P-to-As uptake ratio under As25 and As50.
- Treatment
- co-inoculation of AMF and Fe compounde0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- P-to-As uptake ratioe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- As25 and As50e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“under low and moderate As concentrations (As25 and As50), the co-inoculation of AMF and Fe compound significantly increased the biomass of maize stems and roots, phosphorus (P) concentration, and P-to-As uptake ratio”
e1“maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF and iron significantly reduced As concentration in maize stems and roots under As25 and As50.
- Treatment
- co-inoculation of AMF and Fe compound additione0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- As concentration in stem and roote0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- As25 and As50 treatmentse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“co-inoculation of AMF and Fe compound addition significantly reduced the As concentration in stem and root, malondialdehyde (MDA) content in leaf, and soluble protein and non-protein thiol (NPT) contents in leaf of maize under As25 and As50 treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF and iron significantly reduced leaf MDA content under As25 and As50.
- Treatment
- co-inoculation of AMF and Fe compound additione0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde (MDA) content in leafe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- As25 and As50 treatmentse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“co-inoculation of AMF and Fe compound addition significantly reduced the As concentration in stem and root, malondialdehyde (MDA) content in leaf, and soluble protein and non-protein thiol (NPT) contents in leaf of maize under As25 and As50 treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF and iron significantly reduced leaf soluble protein under As25 and As50.
- Treatment
- co-inoculation of AMF and Fe compound additione0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- soluble proteine0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- As25 and As50 treatmentse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“co-inoculation of AMF and Fe compound addition significantly reduced the As concentration in stem and root, malondialdehyde (MDA) content in leaf, and soluble protein and non-protein thiol (NPT) contents in leaf of maize under As25 and As50 treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF and iron significantly reduced leaf NPT content under As25 and As50.
- Treatment
- co-inoculation of AMF and Fe compound additione0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- non-protein thiol (NPT) contents in leafe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- As25 and As50 treatmentse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“co-inoculation of AMF and Fe compound addition significantly reduced the As concentration in stem and root, malondialdehyde (MDA) content in leaf, and soluble protein and non-protein thiol (NPT) contents in leaf of maize under As25 and As50 treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF and iron significantly increased leaf CAT, POD and SOD activities under As25.
- Treatment
- co-inoculation with AMF and Fe compound additione0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- activities of catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and superoxide dismutase (SOD)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- As25 treatmente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“co-inoculation with AMF and Fe compound addition significantly increased the activities of catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the leaves of maize under As25 treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Stem biomass correlated negatively with stem As content.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“stem biomass and leaf MDA content were very significantly negatively correlated with stem As content, respectively”
e1“maize (Zea mays L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf MDA content correlated negatively with stem As content.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“stem biomass and leaf MDA content were very significantly negatively correlated with stem As content, respectively”
e1“maize (Zea mays L.)”
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See all 36 papers →8 of 18 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.