Abstract
The coating of Fe 3 O 4 -NPs with SM and HS is a new strategy to increase the efficiency of nanofertilizers and improve the quality and resistance of plants against environmental stresses. In this study, aqueous extracts of spinach and guar were used for the green synthesis of Fe 3 O 4 -NPs and CuO-NPs, respectively. The surface of the Fe 3 O 4 -NPs was then coated with SM and HS. UV–vis, thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and dynamic light scattering analyses all confirmed the formation of nanoparticles. The first experiment was carried out as a factorial in a completely randomized design. The effect of nanoparticles and determination of the optimal concentration of Fe 3 O 4 -NPs, SM, HS, Fe 3 O 4 -SM, and Fe 3 O 4 -HS with concentrations (control, 25, 50, 75, and 100 mg/L) and two methods of application (seed priming and addition to planting medium) were determined. The results showed that seed priming with 75 mg/L Fe 3 O 4 -NPs and single-stranded and multibranched polyamines improves germination and increases the dry matter content and seedling length. Then, a pot test was performed for the effects of Fe 3 O 4 -NPs and single-branched and poly branched polyamines under CuO stress conditions. The factors were six polymers (control, Fe 3 O 4, SM, Fe 3 O 4 -SM, HS, and Fe 3 O 4 -HS) and CuO-NPs (control, 60, and 120 μL). Under stress conditions, the application of Fe 3 O 4 -HS caused an increase of 34.11, 41, 39.37, and 68.25% in the activity of CAT, POX, PPO, and proline, respectively, and a decrease of 46 and 33.33% in MDA and hydrogen H 2 O 2 compared to the control treatment. Also, the use of NPs under stress conditions caused more absorption of N and Fe by the plant. Consequently, the plant’s resistance to CuO stress conditions increased.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Seed priming improved germination.
- Taxon
- Corn
Zea mays subsp. mayst0 - Treatment
- seed priming with 75 mg/L Fe 3 O 4 -NPs and single-stranded and multibranched polyaminese0
- Outcome
- germinatione0
- Direction
- improvese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“seed priming with 75 mg/L Fe 3 O 4 -NPs and single-stranded and multibranched polyamines improves germination and increases the dry matter content and seedling length”
t0“Corn”
e1“seed priming with 75 mg/L Fe 3 O 4 -NPs and single-stranded and multibranched polyamines improves germination and increases the dry matter content and seedling length”
t1“Corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed priming increased dry matter and seedling length.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- seed priming with 75 mg/L Fe 3 O 4 -NPs and single-stranded and multibranched polyaminese0
- Outcome
- dry matter content and seedling lengthe0
- Direction
- increasese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“seed priming with 75 mg/L Fe 3 O 4 -NPs and single-stranded and multibranched polyamines improves germination and increases the dry matter content and seedling length”
t0“Corn”
e1“seed priming with 75 mg/L Fe 3 O 4 -NPs and single-stranded and multibranched polyamines improves germination and increases the dry matter content and seedling length”
t1“Corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe3O4-HS increased CAT activity by 34.11% under stress.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- Fe 3 O 4 -HSe0
- Outcome
- activity of CATe0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 34.11e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of Fe 3 O 4 -HS caused an increase of 34.11, 41, 39.37, and 68.25% in the activity of CAT, POX, PPO, and proline, respectively”
t0“Corn”
e1“application of Fe 3 O 4 -HS caused an increase of 34.11, 41, 39.37, and 68.25% in the activity of CAT, POX, PPO, and proline, respectively”
t1“Corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe3O4-HS increased POX activity by 41% under stress.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of Fe 3 O 4 -HS caused an increase of 34.11, 41, 39.37, and 68.25% in the activity of CAT, POX, PPO, and proline, respectively”
t0“Corn”
e1“application of Fe 3 O 4 -HS caused an increase of 34.11, 41, 39.37, and 68.25% in the activity of CAT, POX, PPO, and proline, respectively”
t1“Corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe3O4-HS increased PPO activity by 39.37% under stress.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of Fe 3 O 4 -HS caused an increase of 34.11, 41, 39.37, and 68.25% in the activity of CAT, POX, PPO, and proline, respectively”
t0“Corn”
e1“application of Fe 3 O 4 -HS caused an increase of 34.11, 41, 39.37, and 68.25% in the activity of CAT, POX, PPO, and proline, respectively”
t1“Corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe3O4-HS increased proline by 68.25% under stress.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- Fe 3 O 4 -HSe0
- Outcome
- prolinee0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 68.25%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of Fe 3 O 4 -HS caused an increase of 34.11, 41, 39.37, and 68.25% in the activity of CAT, POX, PPO, and proline, respectively”
t0“Corn”
e1“application of Fe 3 O 4 -HS caused an increase of 34.11, 41, 39.37, and 68.25% in the activity of CAT, POX, PPO, and proline, respectively”
t1“Corn”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe3O4-HS decreased MDA by 46% under stress.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- Fe 3 O 4 -HSe2
- Outcome
- MDAe0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Value
- 46e1
- Comparator
- control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a decrease of 46 and 33.33% in MDA and hydrogen H 2 O 2 compared to the control treatment”
t0“Corn”
e1“a decrease of 46 and 33.33% in MDA and hydrogen H 2 O 2 compared to the control treatment”
t1“Corn”
e2“application of Fe 3 O 4 -HS caused an increase of 34.11, 41, 39.37, and 68.25% in the activity of CAT, POX, PPO, and proline, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Fe3O4-HS decreased hydrogen peroxide by 33.33% under stress.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- Fe 3 O 4 -HSe2
- Outcome
- hydrogen H 2 O 2e0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Value
- 33.33%e0
- Comparator
- control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a decrease of 46 and 33.33% in MDA and hydrogen H 2 O 2 compared to the control treatment”
t0“Corn”
e1“a decrease of 46 and 33.33% in MDA and hydrogen H 2 O 2 compared to the control treatment”
t1“Corn”
e2“application of Fe 3 O 4 -HS caused an increase of 34.11, 41, 39.37, and 68.25% in the activity of CAT, POX, PPO, and proline, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Nanoparticles increased N and Fe absorption under stress.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- NPse0
- Outcome
- absorption of N and Fee0
- Direction
- moree0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“use of NPs under stress conditions caused more absorption of N and Fe by the plant”
t0“Corn”
e1“use of NPs under stress conditions caused more absorption of N and Fe by the plant”
t1“Corn”
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