Abstract
Calcareous soil had sufficient phosphorus and potassium (PK) in different forms due to the high contents of PK-bearing minerals; however, the available PK state was reduced due to its PK-fixation capacity. Compost, coupled with high PK solubilization capacity microbes, is a sustainable solution for bioorganic fertilization of plants grown in calcareous soil. A 2-year field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of compost (20 t ha−1) with Aspergillus niger through soil drenching (C-AN) along with partial substitution of PK fertilization on quinoa performance in normal and calcareous soils. Treatments included PK100% (72 kg P2O5 ha−1 + 60 kg K2O ha−1 as conventional rate), PK100%+C-AN, PK75%+C-AN, PK50%+C-AN, PK25%+C-AN, and only C-AN in normal and calcareous soils. Results showed that C-AN and reduced PK fertilization (up to 75 or 50%) increased photosynthetic pigments and promoted nutrient acquisition in quinoa grown in calcareous soil. Reduced PK fertilization to 75 or 50% plus C-AN in calcareous soil increased osmoprotectants, nonenzymatic antioxidants, and DPPH scavenging activity of quinoa’s leaves compared to the PK0%+C-AN treatment. The integrative application of high PK levels and C-AN enhanced the quinoa’s seed nutritional quality (i.e., lipids, carbohydrates, mineral contents, total phenolics, total flavonoids, half maximal inhibitory concentration, and antiradical power) in calcareous soil. At reduced PK fertilization (up to 75 or 50%), application of compost with Aspergillus niger through soil drenching increased plant dry weight by 38.7 or 53.2%, hectoliter weight by 3.0 or 2.4%, seed yield by 49.1 or 39.5%, and biological yield by 43.4 or 33.6%, respectively, compared to PK0%+C-AN in calcareous soil. The highest P-solubilizing microorganism’s population was found at PK0%+C-AN in calcareous soil, while the highest Azotobacter sp. population was observed under high PK levels + C-AN in normal soil. Our study recommends that compost with Aspergillus niger as a bioorganic fertilization treatment can partially substitute PK fertilization and boost quinoa’s tolerance to salt calcareous-affected soil.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Compost with Aspergillus niger increased photosynthetic pigments in quinoa grown in calcareous soil.
- Taxon
- quinoa
Chenopodium quinoae1 - Treatment
- C-ANe1
- Outcome
- photosynthetic pigmentse1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Setting
- calcareous soile1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Results showed that C-AN and reduced PK fertilization (up to 75 or 50%) increased photosynthetic pigments and promoted nutrient acquisition in quinoa grown in calcareous soil”
t0“Boosted Quinoa’s Physio-Biochemical Traits”
Claim · model-written summary
Compost with Aspergillus niger and reduced PK fertilization promoted nutrient acquisition in quinoa grown in calcareous soil.
- Taxon
- quinoaChenopodium quinoae1
- Treatment
- C-ANe1
- Outcome
- nutrient acquisitione1
- Direction
- promotede1
- Setting
- calcareous soile1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Results showed that C-AN and reduced PK fertilization (up to 75 or 50%) increased photosynthetic pigments and promoted nutrient acquisition in quinoa grown in calcareous soil”
t0“Boosted Quinoa’s Physio-Biochemical Traits”
Claim · model-written summary
Reduced PK fertilization to 75 or 50% plus C-AN increased osmoprotectants, nonenzymatic antioxidants and DPPH scavenging activity in quinoa leaves compared to PK0%+C-AN.
- Taxon
- quinoaChenopodium quinoae2
- Organ / stage
- leavese2
- Treatment
- Reduced PK fertilization to 75 or 50% plus C-ANe2
- Outcome
- osmoprotectants, nonenzymatic antioxidants, and DPPH scavenging activitye2
- Direction
- increasede2
- Comparator
- PK0%+C-AN treatmente2
- Setting
- calcareous soile2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Reduced PK fertilization to 75 or 50% plus C-AN in calcareous soil increased osmoprotectants, nonenzymatic antioxidants, and DPPH scavenging activity of quinoa’s leaves compared to the PK0%+C-AN treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
The integrative application of high PK levels and C-AN enhanced quinoa seed lipids, carbohydrates and mineral contents in calcareous soil.
- Taxon
- quinoaChenopodium quinoae3
- Organ / stage
- seede3
- Treatment
- integrative application of high PK levels and C-ANe3
- Outcome
- lipids, carbohydrates, mineral contentse3
- Direction
- enhancede3
- Setting
- calcareous soile3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“The integrative application of high PK levels and C-AN enhanced the quinoa’s seed nutritional quality (i.e., lipids, carbohydrates, mineral contents, total phenolics, total flavonoids, half maximal inhibitory concentration, and antiradical power) in calcareous soil”
Claim · model-written summary
The integrative application of high PK levels and C-AN enhanced quinoa seed total phenolics, total flavonoids and half maximal inhibitory concentration in calcareous soil.
- Taxon
- quinoaChenopodium quinoae3
- Organ / stage
- seede3
- Treatment
- integrative application of high PK levels and C-ANe3
- Outcome
- total phenolics, total flavonoids, half maximal inhibitory concentratione3
- Direction
- enhancede3
- Setting
- calcareous soile3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“The integrative application of high PK levels and C-AN enhanced the quinoa’s seed nutritional quality (i.e., lipids, carbohydrates, mineral contents, total phenolics, total flavonoids, half maximal inhibitory concentration, and antiradical power) in calcareous soil”
Claim · model-written summary
The integrative application of high PK levels and C-AN enhanced quinoa seed antiradical power in calcareous soil.
- Taxon
- quinoaChenopodium quinoae3
- Organ / stage
- seede3
- Treatment
- integrative application of high PK levels and C-ANe3
- Outcome
- antiradical powere3
- Direction
- enhancede3
- Setting
- calcareous soile3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“The integrative application of high PK levels and C-AN enhanced the quinoa’s seed nutritional quality (i.e., lipids, carbohydrates, mineral contents, total phenolics, total flavonoids, half maximal inhibitory concentration, and antiradical power) in calcareous soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Compost with Aspergillus niger and reduced PK fertilization increased plant dry weight by 38.7 or 53.2% in calcareous soil.
- Taxon
- quinoaChenopodium quinoae1
- Treatment
- compost with Aspergillus niger through soil drenchinge4
- Interactor
- Aspergillus niger
Aspergillus nigere4symbiont - Outcome
- plant dry weighte4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Value
- 38.7 or 53.2%e4
- Comparator
- PK0%+C-ANe4
- Setting
- calcareous soile4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“At reduced PK fertilization (up to 75 or 50%), application of compost with Aspergillus niger through soil drenching increased plant dry weight by 38.7 or 53.2%, hectoliter weight by 3.0 or 2.4%, seed yield by 49.1 or 39.5%, and biological yield by 43.4 or 33.6%, respectively, compared to PK0%+C-AN in calcareous soil”
e1“Results showed that C-AN and reduced PK fertilization (up to 75 or 50%) increased photosynthetic pigments and promoted nutrient acquisition in quinoa grown in calcareous soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Compost with Aspergillus niger and reduced PK fertilization increased hectoliter weight by 3.0 or 2.4% in calcareous soil.
- Taxon
- quinoaChenopodium quinoae1
- Treatment
- compost with Aspergillus niger through soil drenchinge4
- Interactor
- Aspergillus nigerAspergillus nigere4symbiont
- Outcome
- hectoliter weighte4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Value
- 3.0 or 2.4%e4
- Comparator
- PK0%+C-ANe4
- Setting
- calcareous soile4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“At reduced PK fertilization (up to 75 or 50%), application of compost with Aspergillus niger through soil drenching increased plant dry weight by 38.7 or 53.2%, hectoliter weight by 3.0 or 2.4%, seed yield by 49.1 or 39.5%, and biological yield by 43.4 or 33.6%, respectively, compared to PK0%+C-AN in calcareous soil”
e1“Results showed that C-AN and reduced PK fertilization (up to 75 or 50%) increased photosynthetic pigments and promoted nutrient acquisition in quinoa grown in calcareous soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Compost with Aspergillus niger and reduced PK fertilization increased seed yield by 49.1 or 39.5% in calcareous soil.
- Taxon
- quinoaChenopodium quinoae1
- Treatment
- compost with Aspergillus niger through soil drenchinge4
- Interactor
- Aspergillus nigerAspergillus nigere4symbiont
- Outcome
- seed yielde4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Value
- 49.1 or 39.5%e4
- Comparator
- PK0%+C-ANe4
- Setting
- calcareous soile4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“At reduced PK fertilization (up to 75 or 50%), application of compost with Aspergillus niger through soil drenching increased plant dry weight by 38.7 or 53.2%, hectoliter weight by 3.0 or 2.4%, seed yield by 49.1 or 39.5%, and biological yield by 43.4 or 33.6%, respectively, compared to PK0%+C-AN in calcareous soil”
e1“Results showed that C-AN and reduced PK fertilization (up to 75 or 50%) increased photosynthetic pigments and promoted nutrient acquisition in quinoa grown in calcareous soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Compost with Aspergillus niger and reduced PK fertilization increased biological yield by 43.4 or 33.6% in calcareous soil.
- Taxon
- quinoaChenopodium quinoae1
- Treatment
- compost with Aspergillus niger through soil drenchinge4
- Interactor
- Aspergillus nigerAspergillus nigere4symbiont
- Outcome
- biological yielde4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Value
- 43.4 or 33.6%e4
- Comparator
- PK0%+C-ANe4
- Setting
- calcareous soile4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“At reduced PK fertilization (up to 75 or 50%), application of compost with Aspergillus niger through soil drenching increased plant dry weight by 38.7 or 53.2%, hectoliter weight by 3.0 or 2.4%, seed yield by 49.1 or 39.5%, and biological yield by 43.4 or 33.6%, respectively, compared to PK0%+C-AN in calcareous soil”
e1“Results showed that C-AN and reduced PK fertilization (up to 75 or 50%) increased photosynthetic pigments and promoted nutrient acquisition in quinoa grown in calcareous soil”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest P-solubilizing microorganism population was found at PK0%+C-AN in calcareous soil.
- Taxon
- QuinoaChenopodium quinoat0
- Treatment
- PK0%+C-ANe5
- Interactor
- P-solubilizing microorganisme5symbiont
- Outcome
- populatione5
- Direction
- higheste5
- Setting
- calcareous soile5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Boosted Quinoa’s Physio-Biochemical Traits”
e5“The highest P-solubilizing microorganism’s population was found at PK0%+C-AN in calcareous soil, while the highest Azotobacter sp. population was observed under high PK levels + C-AN in normal soil”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest Azotobacter sp. population was observed under high PK levels + C-AN in normal soil.
- Taxon
- QuinoaChenopodium quinoat0
- Treatment
- high PK levels + C-ANe5
- Interactor
- Azotobacter sp.
Azotobactere5symbiont - Outcome
- populatione5
- Direction
- higheste5
- Setting
- normal soile5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Boosted Quinoa’s Physio-Biochemical Traits”
e5“The highest P-solubilizing microorganism’s population was found at PK0%+C-AN in calcareous soil, while the highest Azotobacter sp. population was observed under high PK levels + C-AN in normal soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Compost with Aspergillus niger can partially substitute PK fertilization in quinoa.
- Taxon
- quinoaChenopodium quinoae6
- Treatment
- compost with Aspergillus nigere6
- Interactor
- Aspergillus nigerAspergillus nigere6symbiont
- Outcome
- can partially substitute PK fertilizatione6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Our study recommends that compost with Aspergillus niger as a bioorganic fertilization treatment can partially substitute PK fertilization and boost quinoa’s tolerance to salt calcareous-affected soil”
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