Abstract
BACKGROUND: Salt stress is one of the key factors limiting rice production. Alginate oligosaccharides (AOS) enhance plant stress resistance. However, the molecular mechanism underlying salt tolerance in rice induced by AOS remains unclear. FL478, which is a salt-tolerant indica recombinant inbred line and IR29, a salt-sensitive rice cultivar, were used to comprehensively analyze the effects of AOS sprayed on leaves in terms of transcriptomic and metabolite profiles of rice seedlings under salt stress. RESULTS: In this experiment, exogenous application of AOS increased SOD, CAT and APX activities, as well as GSH and ASA levels to reduce the damage to leaf membrane, increased rice stem diameter, the number of root tips, aboveground and subterranean biomass, and improved rice salt tolerance. Comparative transcriptomic analyses showed that the regulation of AOS combined with salt treatment induced the differential expression of 305 and 1030 genes in FL478 and IR29. The expressed genes enriched in KEGG pathway analysis were associated with antioxidant levels, photosynthesis, cell wall synthesis, and signal transduction. The genes associated with light-trapping proteins and RLCK receptor cytoplasmic kinases, including CBA, LHCB, and Lhcp genes, were fregulated in response to salt stress. Treatment with AOS combined with salt induced the differential expression of 22 and 50 metabolites in FL478 and IR29. These metabolites were mainly related to the metabolism of amino and nucleotide sugars, tryptophan, histidine, and β -alanine. The abundance of metabolites associated with antioxidant activity, such as 6-hydroxymelatonin, wedelolactone and L-histidine increased significantly. Combined transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses revealed that dehydroascorbic acid in the glutathione and ascorbic acid cycles plays a vital role in salt tolerance mediated by AOS. CONCLUSION: AOS activate signal transduction, regulate photosynthesis, cell wall formation, and multiple antioxidant pathways in response to salt stress. This study provides a molecular basis for the alleviation of salt stress-induced damage by AOS in rice.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous leaf application of AOS increased SOD, CAT and APX activities in rice seedlings under salt stress.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- exogenous application of AOSe0
- Outcome
- SOD, CAT and APX activitiese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice seedlings”
e0“exogenous application of AOS increased SOD, CAT and APX activities, as well as GSH and ASA levels”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous AOS application increased GSH and ASA levels in rice seedlings under salt stress.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- exogenous application of AOSe0
- Outcome
- GSH and ASA levelse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice seedlings”
e0“exogenous application of AOS increased SOD, CAT and APX activities, as well as GSH and ASA levels”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous AOS application increased rice stem diameter under salt stress.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- exogenous application of AOSe0
- Outcome
- stem diametere0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“exogenous application of AOS increased SOD, CAT and APX activities, as well as GSH and ASA levels to reduce the damage to leaf membrane, increased rice stem diameter, the number of root tips, aboveground and subterranean biomass, and improved rice salt tolerance”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous AOS application increased the number of root tips of rice under salt stress.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- exogenous application of AOSe0
- Outcome
- the number of root tipse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“exogenous application of AOS increased SOD, CAT and APX activities, as well as GSH and ASA levels to reduce the damage to leaf membrane, increased rice stem diameter, the number of root tips, aboveground and subterranean biomass, and improved rice salt tolerance”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous AOS application increased aboveground and subterranean biomass of rice under salt stress.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- exogenous application of AOSe0
- Outcome
- aboveground and subterranean biomasse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“exogenous application of AOS increased SOD, CAT and APX activities, as well as GSH and ASA levels to reduce the damage to leaf membrane, increased rice stem diameter, the number of root tips, aboveground and subterranean biomass, and improved rice salt tolerance”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous AOS application improved rice salt tolerance.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- exogenous application of AOSe0
- Outcome
- salt tolerancee0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“exogenous application of AOS increased SOD, CAT and APX activities, as well as GSH and ASA levels to reduce the damage to leaf membrane, increased rice stem diameter, the number of root tips, aboveground and subterranean biomass, and improved rice salt tolerance”
Claim · model-written summary
AOS combined with salt treatment induced differential expression of 305 genes in FL478.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- FL478e0
- Treatment
- AOS combined with salt treatmente0
- Outcome
- differential expressione0
- Direction
- inducede0
- Value
- 305e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice seedlings”
e0“Comparative transcriptomic analyses showed that the regulation of AOS combined with salt treatment induced the differential expression of 305 and 1030 genes in FL478 and IR29”
Claim · model-written summary
AOS combined with salt treatment induced differential expression of 1030 genes in IR29.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- IR29e0
- Treatment
- AOS combined with salt treatmente0
- Outcome
- differential expressione0
- Direction
- inducede0
- Value
- 1030e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice seedlings”
e0“Comparative transcriptomic analyses showed that the regulation of AOS combined with salt treatment induced the differential expression of 305 and 1030 genes in FL478 and IR29”
Claim · model-written summary
Genes enriched in KEGG pathway analysis were associated with antioxidant levels, photosynthesis, cell wall synthesis and signal transduction.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- genes enriched in KEGG pathway analysis were associated with antioxidant levels, photosynthesis, cell wall synthesis, and signal transductione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice seedlings”
e0“The expressed genes enriched in KEGG pathway analysis were associated with antioxidant levels, photosynthesis, cell wall synthesis, and signal transduction”
Claim · model-written summary
Genes associated with light-trapping proteins and RLCK receptor cytoplasmic kinases, including CBA, LHCB and Lhcp, were regulated in response to salt stress.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- salt stresse0
- Gene
- CBA, LHCB, and Lhcp genese0
- Outcome
- fregulated in response to salt stresse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice seedlings”
e0“The genes associated with light-trapping proteins and RLCK receptor cytoplasmic kinases, including CBA, LHCB, and Lhcp genes, were fregulated in response to salt stress”
Claim · model-written summary
AOS combined with salt induced differential expression of 22 metabolites in FL478.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- FL478e0
- Treatment
- Treatment with AOS combined with salte0
- Outcome
- differential expressione0
- Direction
- inducede0
- Value
- 22e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice seedlings”
e0“Treatment with AOS combined with salt induced the differential expression of 22 and 50 metabolites in FL478 and IR29”
Claim · model-written summary
AOS combined with salt induced differential expression of 50 metabolites in IR29.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- IR29e0
- Treatment
- Treatment with AOS combined with salte0
- Outcome
- differential expressione0
- Direction
- inducede0
- Value
- 50e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice seedlings”
e0“Treatment with AOS combined with salt induced the differential expression of 22 and 50 metabolites in FL478 and IR29”
Claim · model-written summary
The differentially expressed metabolites were mainly related to the metabolism of amino and nucleotide sugars, tryptophan, histidine and beta-alanine.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- metabolism of amino and nucleotide sugars, tryptophan, histidine, and β -alaninee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice seedlings”
e0“These metabolites were mainly related to the metabolism of amino and nucleotide sugars, tryptophan, histidine, and β -alanine”
Claim · model-written summary
The abundance of antioxidant-associated metabolites such as 6-hydroxymelatonin, wedelolactone and L-histidine increased significantly.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- abundance of metabolites associated with antioxidant activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice seedlings”
e0“The abundance of metabolites associated with antioxidant activity, such as 6-hydroxymelatonin, wedelolactone and L-histidine increased significantly”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses indicate that dehydroascorbic acid in the glutathione and ascorbic acid cycles plays a vital role in AOS-mediated salt tolerance.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- AOSe0
- Compound
- dehydroascorbic acide0
- Outcome
- salt tolerancee0
- Qualifier
- in the glutathione and ascorbic acid cyclese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice seedlings”
e0“dehydroascorbic acid in the glutathione and ascorbic acid cycles plays a vital role in salt tolerance mediated by AOS”
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