Abstract
L.) is an important social-economic crop, and rice seedlings are easily affected by salt stress. Chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) plays a positive role in promoting plant growth and development. To gain a better understanding of the salt tolerance mechanism of rice under the action of COS, Nipponbare rice seedlings were selected as the experimental materials, and the physiological and biochemical indexes of rice seedlings in three stages (normal growth, salt stress and recovery) were measured. Unlabelled quantitative proteomics technology was used to study differential protein and signaling pathways of rice seedlings under salt stress, and the mechanism of COS to improve rice tolerance to salt stress was elucidated. Results showed that after treatment with COS, the chlorophyll content of rice seedlings was 1.26 times higher than that of the blank group (CK). The root activity during the recovery stage was 1.46 times that of the CK group. The soluble sugar in root, stem and leaf increased by 53.42%, 77.10% and 9.37%, respectively. The total amino acid content increased by 77% during the stem recovery stage. Furthermore, the malondialdehyde content in root, stem and leaf increased by 21.28%, 26.67% and 32.69%, respectively. The activity of oxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and oxygenase (CAT) were increased. There were more differentially expressed proteins in the three parts of the experimental group than in the CK group. Gene Ontology (GO) annotation of these differentially expressed proteins revealed that the experimental group was enriched for more entries. Then, through the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), the top ten pathways enriched with differentially expressed proteins in the two groups (COS and CK groups) were utilized, and a detailed interpretation of the glycolysis and photosynthesis pathways was provided. Five key proteins, including phosphofructokinase, fructose bisphosphate aldolases, glycer-aldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, enolase and pyruvate kinase, were identified in the glycolysis pathway. In the photosynthesis pathway, oxygen evolution enhancement proteins, iron redox proteins and ferredoxin-NADPH reductase were the key proteins. The addition of COS led to an increase in the abundance of proteins, a response of rice seedlings to salt stress. COS helped rice seedlings resist salt stress. Furthermore, using COS as biopesticides and biofertilizers can effectively increase the utilization of saline-affected farmland, thereby contributing to the alleviating of the global food crisis.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
COS raised rice seedling chlorophyll content to 1.26 times CK.
- Taxon
- rice seedlings
Oryza sativae0 - Treatment
- COSe0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 1.26 timese0
- Comparator
- blank group (CK)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“after treatment with COS, the chlorophyll content of rice seedlings was 1.26 times higher than that of the blank group (CK)”
Claim · model-written summary
COS raised rice seedling root activity during recovery to 1.46 times CK.
- Taxon
- rice seedlingsOryza sativae1
- Material
- Nipponbaree1
- Organ / stage
- roote0
- Treatment
- COSe2
- Outcome
- root activitye0
- Value
- 1.46 timese0
- Qualifier
- recovery stagee0
- Comparator
- CK groupe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The root activity during the recovery stage was 1.46 times that of the CK group.”
e1“Nipponbare rice seedlings”
e2“after treatment with COS”
Claim · model-written summary
COS increased soluble sugar in rice roots by 53.42%.
- Taxon
- rice seedlingsOryza sativae1
- Organ / stage
- roote0
- Treatment
- COSe2
- Outcome
- soluble sugare0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 53.42%e0
- Comparator
- CK groupe3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The soluble sugar in root, stem and leaf increased by 53.42%, 77.10% and 9.37%, respectively.”
e1“Nipponbare rice seedlings”
e2“treatment with COS”
e3“The root activity during the recovery stage was 1.46 times that of the CK group.”
Claim · model-written summary
COS increased soluble sugar in rice stems by 77.10%.
- Taxon
- rice seedlingsOryza sativae1
- Organ / stage
- steme0
- Treatment
- COSe2
- Outcome
- soluble sugare0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 77.10%e0
- Comparator
- CK groupe3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The soluble sugar in root, stem and leaf increased by 53.42%, 77.10% and 9.37%, respectively.”
e1“Nipponbare rice seedlings”
e2“treatment with COS”
e3“The root activity during the recovery stage was 1.46 times that of the CK group.”
Claim · model-written summary
COS increased soluble sugar in rice leaves by 9.37%.
- Taxon
- rice seedlingsOryza sativae1
- Organ / stage
- leafe0
- Treatment
- COSe2
- Outcome
- soluble sugare0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 9.37%e0
- Comparator
- CK groupe3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The soluble sugar in root, stem and leaf increased by 53.42%, 77.10% and 9.37%, respectively.”
e1“Nipponbare rice seedlings”
e2“treatment with COS”
e3“The root activity during the recovery stage was 1.46 times that of the CK group.”
Claim · model-written summary
COS increased total amino acid content in rice stems during recovery by 77%.
- Taxon
- rice seedlingsOryza sativae1
- Organ / stage
- steme0
- Treatment
- COSe2
- Outcome
- total amino acid contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 77%e0
- Qualifier
- recovery stagee0
- Comparator
- CK groupe3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The total amino acid content increased by 77% during the stem recovery stage.”
e1“Nipponbare rice seedlings”
e2“treatment with COS”
e3“The root activity during the recovery stage was 1.46 times that of the CK group.”
Claim · model-written summary
COS increased malondialdehyde content in rice roots by 21.28%.
- Taxon
- rice seedlingsOryza sativae1
- Organ / stage
- roote0
- Treatment
- COSe2
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 21.28%e0
- Comparator
- CK groupe3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the malondialdehyde content in root, stem and leaf increased by 21.28%, 26.67% and 32.69%, respectively.”
e1“Nipponbare rice seedlings”
e2“treatment with COS”
e3“The root activity during the recovery stage was 1.46 times that of the CK group.”
Claim · model-written summary
COS increased malondialdehyde content in rice stems by 26.67%.
- Taxon
- rice seedlingsOryza sativae1
- Organ / stage
- steme0
- Treatment
- COSe2
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 26.67%e0
- Comparator
- CK groupe3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the malondialdehyde content in root, stem and leaf increased by 21.28%, 26.67% and 32.69%, respectively.”
e1“Nipponbare rice seedlings”
e2“treatment with COS”
e3“The root activity during the recovery stage was 1.46 times that of the CK group.”
Claim · model-written summary
COS increased malondialdehyde content in rice leaves by 32.69%.
- Taxon
- rice seedlingsOryza sativae1
- Organ / stage
- leafe0
- Treatment
- COSe2
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 32.69%e0
- Comparator
- CK groupe3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the malondialdehyde content in root, stem and leaf increased by 21.28%, 26.67% and 32.69%, respectively.”
e1“Nipponbare rice seedlings”
e2“treatment with COS”
e3“The root activity during the recovery stage was 1.46 times that of the CK group.”
Claim · model-written summary
COS increased SOD, POD and CAT activity in rice seedlings.
- Taxon
- rice seedlingsOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- COSe2
- Outcome
- activity of oxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and oxygenase (CAT)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- CK groupe3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The activity of oxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and oxygenase (CAT) were increased.”
e1“Nipponbare rice seedlings”
e2“treatment with COS”
e3“The root activity during the recovery stage was 1.46 times that of the CK group.”
Claim · model-written summary
The COS group had more differentially expressed proteins than CK across three rice seedling parts.
- Taxon
- rice seedlingsOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- COSe2
- Outcome
- differentially expressed proteinse0
- Direction
- moree0
- Qualifier
- three partse0
- Comparator
- CK groupe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There were more differentially expressed proteins in the three parts of the experimental group than in the CK group.”
e1“Nipponbare rice seedlings”
e2“treatment with COS”
Claim · model-written summary
GO analysis found more enriched entries in the COS experimental group.
- Taxon
- rice seedlingsOryza sativae1
- Outcome
- enriched for more entriese0
- Direction
- moree0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Gene Ontology (GO) annotation of these differentially expressed proteins revealed that the experimental group was enriched for more entries.”
e1“Nipponbare rice seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Five key proteins were identified in the rice glycolysis pathway.
- Taxon
- rice seedlingsOryza sativae1
- Outcome
- key proteinse0
- Value
- Fivee0
- Qualifier
- glycolysis pathwaye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Five key proteins, including phosphofructokinase, fructose bisphosphate aldolases, glycer-aldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, enolase and pyruvate kinase, were identified in the glycolysis pathway.”
e1“Nipponbare rice seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Oxygen evolution enhancement proteins, iron redox proteins and ferredoxin-NADPH reductase were key rice photosynthesis proteins.
- Taxon
- rice seedlingsOryza sativae1
- Outcome
- key proteinse0
- Qualifier
- photosynthesis pathwaye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the photosynthesis pathway, oxygen evolution enhancement proteins, iron redox proteins and ferredoxin-NADPH reductase were the key proteins.”
e1“Nipponbare rice seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that COS helped rice seedlings resist salt stress.
- Taxon
- rice seedlingsOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- COSe0
- Outcome
- resist salt stresse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“COS helped rice seedlings resist salt stress.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest using COS as biopesticides and biofertilizers to increase utilization of saline-affected farmland.
- Taxon
- rice seedlingsOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- COS as biopesticides and biofertilizerse0
- Outcome
- increase the utilization of saline-affected farmlande0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“using COS as biopesticides and biofertilizers can effectively increase the utilization of saline-affected farmland”
e1“Nipponbare rice seedlings”
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