Abstract
A high-quality canopy architecture is central to obtaining high crop yields. A field experiment was carried out at the Wuqiao Experimental Station from 2015 to 2019 under four irrigation schemes (W0, no irrigation after sowing; W1, 75 mm irrigation at jointing stage; W2, 75 mm irrigation at jointing and anthesis stages, respectively; W3, 75 mm irrigation at tillering, jointing and anthesis stages, respectively) to investigate the canopy structure, canopy apparent photosynthesis (CAP), canopy temperature (CT), yield and water use efficiency (WUE). The results showed that increasing irrigation times improved the leaf area index (LAI), non-leaf area index (NLAI) and light interception (LI) of the spike and total canopy but decreased the canopy temperature (CT) after anthesis. The CAP in the W3 treatment was consistently lower than that in the W1 treatment, suggesting lower effective utilization of light energy under the W3 treatment. Increasing irrigation times improved wheat yield, but the W2 treatment had no significant difference in yield compared to the W3 treatment. In addition, the W1 and W2 treatments had higher WUEs. The CT, organ temperature and LI were closely positively associated with each other, but they were all strongly negatively related to the yield. Overall, the W2 treatment was the best irrigation scheme for constructing a reasonable canopy architecture for winter wheat, obtaining more efficient water use and yield in the North China Plain (NCP). CT and organ temperature can be used as proxy parameters to estimate the canopy structure.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing irrigation times improved leaf area index, non-leaf area index and light interception of the canopy.
- Taxon
- Winter Wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- increasing irrigation timese0
- Outcome
- leaf area index (LAI), non-leaf area index (NLAI) and light interception (LI)e0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Setting
- Wuqiao Experimental Statione6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Winter Wheat”
e0“increasing irrigation times improved the leaf area index (LAI), non-leaf area index (NLAI) and light interception (LI) of the spike and total canopy”
e6“A field experiment was carried out at the Wuqiao Experimental Station”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing irrigation times decreased canopy temperature after anthesis.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- increasing irrigation timese0
- Outcome
- canopy temperature (CT) after anthesise1
- Direction
- decreasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Winter Wheat”
e0“increasing irrigation times improved the leaf area index (LAI), non-leaf area index (NLAI) and light interception (LI) of the spike and total canopy”
e1“but decreased the canopy temperature (CT) after anthesis”
Claim · model-written summary
Canopy apparent photosynthesis under W3 was consistently lower than under W1, suggesting lower use of light energy.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- W3 treatmente2
- Outcome
- CAPe2
- Direction
- lowere2
- Qualifier
- suggesting lower effective utilization of light energy under the W3 treatmente2
- Comparator
- W1 treatmente2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Winter Wheat”
e2“The CAP in the W3 treatment was consistently lower than that in the W1 treatment, suggesting lower effective utilization of light energy under the W3 treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing irrigation times improved wheat yield.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume3
- Treatment
- Increasing irrigation timese3
- Outcome
- wheat yielde3
- Direction
- improvede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Increasing irrigation times improved wheat yield, but the W2 treatment had no significant difference in yield compared to the W3 treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
The W2 treatment gave no significant difference in yield compared with the W3 treatment.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume3
- Treatment
- W2 treatmente3
- Outcome
- yielde3
- Direction
- no significant differencee3
- Comparator
- W3 treatmente3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Increasing irrigation times improved wheat yield, but the W2 treatment had no significant difference in yield compared to the W3 treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
The W1 and W2 treatments had higher water use efficiency.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- W1 and W2 treatmentse4
- Outcome
- WUEse4
- Direction
- highere4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Winter Wheat”
e4“the W1 and W2 treatments had higher WUEs”
Claim · model-written summary
Canopy temperature, organ temperature and light interception were closely positively associated with each other.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- organ temperaturee5
- Outcome
- CT, organ temperature and LIe5
- Direction
- positivelye5
- Setting
- Wuqiao Experimental Statione6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Winter Wheat”
e5“The CT, organ temperature and LI were closely positively associated with each other, but they were all strongly negatively related to the yield”
e6“A field experiment was carried out at the Wuqiao Experimental Station”
Claim · model-written summary
Canopy temperature, organ temperature and light interception were strongly negatively related to yield.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- organ temperaturee5
- Outcome
- yielde5
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede5
- Qualifier
- strongly negatively relatede5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Winter Wheat”
e5“The CT, organ temperature and LI were closely positively associated with each other, but they were all strongly negatively related to the yield”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that the W2 irrigation scheme is the best for building a reasonable canopy architecture in winter wheat.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume6
- Treatment
- W2 treatmente6
- Outcome
- best irrigation scheme for constructing a reasonable canopy architecturee6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“the W2 treatment was the best irrigation scheme for constructing a reasonable canopy architecture for winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Canopy temperature and organ temperature can serve as proxy parameters to estimate canopy structure.
- Taxon
- Winter WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- proxy parameters to estimate the canopy structuree7
- Qualifier
- CT and organ temperaturee7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Winter Wheat”
e7“CT and organ temperature can be used as proxy parameters to estimate the canopy structure”
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