Abstract
The problem of water shortages for rainfed agricultural production is due to low rainfall and uneven distribution throughout the rainy season makes rainfed agriculture a highly risk enterprise. Appropriate farming systems and soil conservation measures are the only opportunity to reduce the high risk of crops yield losses. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of three farming systems; Conventional Farming (CF), Conservation Agriculture (CA), and in-field rain Water Harvesting (WH); on the yield and water productivity of sorghum, sesame and cowpea crops. Field experiments were conducted in semi-arid area of Sennar State, Sudan for two consecutive seasons (2015 and 2016). Three different planting machines were used. The CA recorded higher crop yield for sorghum (2594 kg/ha) followed by in-field rainwater Harvesting (WH) which gave 2362 kg/ha, while CF has the lowest crop yield (2072 kg/ha). For the sesame crop the WH gave the highest crop yield (740kg/ ha) followed by CA (718 kg/ha) and the lowest crop yield was obtained by CF (602 kg/ha). The highest cowpea crop yield was obtained by WH (927.kg/ha) followed by CA farming system (847 kg/ha) and the lowest crop yield was obtained by CF (785kg/ha). The CA farming system recorded the highest water productivity for sorghum (1.081 kg/m3) compared to the WH and CF, while the WH farming system recorded the highest water productivity (0.32 and 0.366 kg/m3) for sesame and cowpea respectively compared to the CA and CF. WH is best recommended farming system in semi-arid areas and CA the best recommended practice where annual rainfall is relatively high.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Conservation agriculture gave higher sorghum yield than conventional farming.
- Treatment
- CAe1
- Outcome
- crop yielde1
- Direction
- highere1
- Value
- 2594 kg/hae1
- Comparator
- CFe1
- Setting
- Sennar State, Sudane0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Field experiments were conducted in semi-arid area of Sennar State, Sudan”
e1“The CA recorded higher crop yield for sorghum (2594 kg/ha) followed by in-field rainwater Harvesting (WH) which gave 2362 kg/ha, while CF has the lowest crop yield (2072 kg/ha)”
Claim · model-written summary
In-field water harvesting gave sorghum yield of 2362 kg/ha, ranked after conservation agriculture.
- Treatment
- in-field rainwater Harvesting (WH)e1
- Outcome
- crop yielde1
- Direction
- followed bye1
- Value
- 2362 kg/hae1
- Comparator
- CFe1
- Setting
- Sennar State, Sudane0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Field experiments were conducted in semi-arid area of Sennar State, Sudan”
e1“The CA recorded higher crop yield for sorghum (2594 kg/ha) followed by in-field rainwater Harvesting (WH) which gave 2362 kg/ha, while CF has the lowest crop yield (2072 kg/ha)”
Claim · model-written summary
Conventional farming gave the lowest sorghum yield.
- Treatment
- CFe1
- Outcome
- crop yielde1
- Direction
- loweste1
- Value
- 2072 kg/hae1
- Comparator
- CAe1
- Setting
- Sennar State, Sudane0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Field experiments were conducted in semi-arid area of Sennar State, Sudan”
e1“The CA recorded higher crop yield for sorghum (2594 kg/ha) followed by in-field rainwater Harvesting (WH) which gave 2362 kg/ha, while CF has the lowest crop yield (2072 kg/ha)”
Claim · model-written summary
Water harvesting gave the highest sesame yield, 740 kg/ha.
- Taxon
- sesame
Sesamum indicume2 - Treatment
- WHe2
- Outcome
- crop yielde2
- Direction
- higheste2
- Value
- 740kg/ hae2
- Comparator
- CFe2
- Setting
- Sennar State, Sudane0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Field experiments were conducted in semi-arid area of Sennar State, Sudan”
e2“For the sesame crop the WH gave the highest crop yield (740kg/ ha) followed by CA (718 kg/ ha) and the lowest crop yield was obtained by CF (602 kg/ha)”
Claim · model-written summary
Conservation agriculture gave sesame yield of 718 kg/ha, ranked after water harvesting.
- Taxon
- sesameSesamum indicume2
- Treatment
- CAe2
- Outcome
- crop yielde2
- Direction
- followed bye2
- Value
- 718 kg/ hae2
- Comparator
- WHe2
- Setting
- Sennar State, Sudane0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Field experiments were conducted in semi-arid area of Sennar State, Sudan”
e2“For the sesame crop the WH gave the highest crop yield (740kg/ ha) followed by CA (718 kg/ ha) and the lowest crop yield was obtained by CF (602 kg/ha)”
Claim · model-written summary
Conventional farming gave the lowest sesame yield, 602 kg/ha.
- Taxon
- sesameSesamum indicume2
- Treatment
- CFe2
- Outcome
- crop yielde2
- Direction
- loweste2
- Value
- 602 kg/hae2
- Comparator
- WHe2
- Setting
- Sennar State, Sudane0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Field experiments were conducted in semi-arid area of Sennar State, Sudan”
e2“For the sesame crop the WH gave the highest crop yield (740kg/ ha) followed by CA (718 kg/ ha) and the lowest crop yield was obtained by CF (602 kg/ha)”
Claim · model-written summary
Water harvesting gave the highest cowpea yield, 927.kg/ha.
- Taxon
- cowpea
Vigna unguiculatae3 - Treatment
- WHe3
- Outcome
- crop yielde3
- Direction
- higheste3
- Value
- 927.kg/hae3
- Comparator
- CFe3
- Setting
- Sennar State, Sudane0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Field experiments were conducted in semi-arid area of Sennar State, Sudan”
e3“The highest cowpea crop yield was obtained by WH (927.kg/ha) followed by CA farming system (847 kg/ha) and the lowest crop yield was obtained by CF (785kg/ha)”
Claim · model-written summary
Conservation agriculture gave cowpea yield of 847 kg/ha, ranked after water harvesting.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae3
- Treatment
- CA farming systeme3
- Outcome
- crop yielde3
- Direction
- followed bye3
- Value
- 847 kg/hae3
- Comparator
- WHe3
- Setting
- Sennar State, Sudane0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Field experiments were conducted in semi-arid area of Sennar State, Sudan”
e3“The highest cowpea crop yield was obtained by WH (927.kg/ha) followed by CA farming system (847 kg/ha) and the lowest crop yield was obtained by CF (785kg/ha)”
Claim · model-written summary
Conventional farming gave the lowest cowpea yield, 785 kg/ha.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae3
- Treatment
- CFe3
- Outcome
- crop yielde3
- Direction
- loweste3
- Value
- 785kg/hae3
- Comparator
- WHe3
- Setting
- Sennar State, Sudane0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Field experiments were conducted in semi-arid area of Sennar State, Sudan”
e3“The highest cowpea crop yield was obtained by WH (927.kg/ha) followed by CA farming system (847 kg/ha) and the lowest crop yield was obtained by CF (785kg/ha)”
Claim · model-written summary
Conservation agriculture gave the highest sorghum water productivity, 1.081 kg/m3.
- Treatment
- CA farming systeme4
- Outcome
- water productivitye4
- Direction
- higheste4
- Value
- 1.081 kg/m3e4
- Comparator
- WH and CFe4
- Setting
- Sennar State, Sudane0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Field experiments were conducted in semi-arid area of Sennar State, Sudan”
e4“The CA farming system recorded the highest water productivity for sorghum (1.081 kg/m3) compared to the WH and CF”
Claim · model-written summary
Water harvesting gave the highest sesame water productivity, 0.32 kg/m3.
- Taxon
- sesameSesamum indicume5
- Treatment
- WH farming systeme5
- Outcome
- water productivitye5
- Direction
- higheste5
- Value
- 0.32e5
- Comparator
- CA and CFe5
- Setting
- Sennar State, Sudane0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Field experiments were conducted in semi-arid area of Sennar State, Sudan”
e5“while the WH farming system recorded the highest water productivity (0.32 and 0.366 kg/m3) for sesame and cowpea respectively compared to the CA and CF”
Claim · model-written summary
Water harvesting gave the highest cowpea water productivity, 0.366 kg/m3.
- Taxon
- cowpeaVigna unguiculatae5
- Treatment
- WH farming systeme5
- Outcome
- water productivitye5
- Direction
- higheste5
- Value
- 0.366e5
- Comparator
- CA and CFe5
- Setting
- Sennar State, Sudane0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Field experiments were conducted in semi-arid area of Sennar State, Sudan”
e5“while the WH farming system recorded the highest water productivity (0.32 and 0.366 kg/m3) for sesame and cowpea respectively compared to the CA and CF”
Claim · model-written summary
Water harvesting is the best recommended farming system in semi-arid areas.
- Taxon
- sorghum, sesame and cowpeaVigna unguiculataSesamum indicum
Sorghume2 - Outcome
- best recommended farming systeme6
- Setting
- semi-arid arease6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“WH is best recommended farming system in semi-arid areas”
e2“the yield and water productivity of sorghum, sesame and cowpea crops”
Claim · model-written summary
Conservation agriculture is the best recommended practice where annual rainfall is relatively high.
- Taxon
- sorghum, sesame and cowpeaVigna unguiculataSesamum indicumSorghume2
- Outcome
- best recommended practicee7
- Setting
- where annual rainfall is relatively highe7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“CA the best recommended practice where annual rainfall is relatively high”
e2“the yield and water productivity of sorghum, sesame and cowpea crops”
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See all 19 papers →8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.