Abstract
Abstract Background In the Indo-Gangetic Plain, rice–wheat is the most extensively practiced crop rotation. The escalating issue of crop residue burning, particularly rice straw, and the necessity to lower the exorbitant expenses associated with fertilizer inputs stand out as significant challenges for farmers in the region. A well-suited integrated nutrient management (INM) strategy that focuses on recycling crop residues can serve as a solution to address these issues. Such a strategy not only mitigates air pollution resulting from residue burning but also helps combat water pollution due to nitrate losses from agroecosystems. Field experiments were used to evaluate the suitability of eight INM-modules that included various combinations of inorganic fertilizer rates (50%, 100%, 150% of recommended dose), crop residues (wheat and rice stubble retention at 30 cm standing stubble equivalent to 1/3 the straw yield), rice straw compost (RSC), farmyard manure (FYM), and green manuring (GM), compared to 100% recommended dose of fertilizers (F) and no fertilizer application. Results There was a considerable improvement in nitrogen mineralization, grain yields, and nitrogen use efficiency under GM + RSC-F50 and GM + FYM-F50. These INM modules would permit a 50% reduction in the use of chemical fertilizers. There was a little yield penalty with in situ rice residue incorporation at 100% F; however, this could be overcome with 150% F fertilizer application. In situ retention of wheat straw with a full application of fertilizer resulted in steadily rising crop yields over time. Changes in the redox potential, soil pH, and soil organic carbon best accounted for the observed trajectories in nitrogen use efficiency. Conclusion The most promising INM modules for adoption by farmers in the Indo-Gangetic Plain to judiciously use crop residues and curtail chemical fertilizer inputs are green manuring with Sesbania aculeata + rice straw compost at 5 t ha −1 + only 50% of recommended dose of fertilizers (GM + RSC-F50), and green manuring with Sesbania aculeata + farmyard manure at 5 t ha −1 + only 50% of recommended dose of fertilizers (GM + FYM-F50). Sole incorporation of crop residues without nitrogen augmentation from other sources might not help curtail chemical fertilizer use. Composting rice straw, which otherwise is widely burnt, proved a useful nitrogen source and a vital component of INM. Waste rice straw composting at the community scale and its application as a nutrient source can help achieve sustainable nitrogen management in the agroecosystems of Indo-Gangetic Plain.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
GM plus rice straw compost at half fertilizer improved nitrogen mineralization, grain yields, and nitrogen use efficiency.
- Taxon
- rice–wheat
Oryza sativa
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- GM + RSC-F50e0
- Outcome
- nitrogen mineralization, grain yields, and nitrogen use efficiencye0
- Direction
- improvemente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There was a considerable improvement in nitrogen mineralization, grain yields, and nitrogen use efficiency under GM + RSC-F50”
t0“rice–wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
GM plus farmyard manure at half fertilizer improved nitrogen mineralization, grain yields, and nitrogen use efficiency.
- Taxon
- rice–wheatOryza sativaTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- GM + FYM-F50e0
- Outcome
- nitrogen mineralization, grain yields, and nitrogen use efficiencye0
- Direction
- improvemente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There was a considerable improvement in nitrogen mineralization, grain yields, and nitrogen use efficiency under GM + RSC-F50 and GM + FYM-F50”
t0“rice–wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
These modules could permit a 50% reduction in chemical fertilizer use.
- Taxon
- rice–wheatOryza sativaTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- reduction in the use of chemical fertilizerse0
- Value
- 50%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These INM modules would permit a 50% reduction in the use of chemical fertilizers”
t0“rice–wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
In situ rice residue incorporation at full fertilizer had a small yield penalty.
- Taxon
- rice–wheatOryza sativaTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- in situ rice residue incorporation at 100% Fe0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- penaltye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There was a little yield penalty with in situ rice residue incorporation at 100% F”
t0“rice–wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing fertilizer to 150% overcame the yield penalty from rice residue incorporation.
- Taxon
- rice–wheatOryza sativaTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- 150% F fertilizer applicatione0
- Outcome
- yield penaltye1
- Direction
- overcomee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“this could be overcome with 150% F fertilizer application”
e1“yield penalty with in situ rice residue incorporation”
t0“rice–wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Retaining wheat straw with full fertilizer led to steadily rising yields over time.
- Taxon
- rice–wheatOryza sativaTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- In situ retention of wheat straw with a full application of fertilizere0
- Outcome
- crop yieldse0
- Direction
- steadily risinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In situ retention of wheat straw with a full application of fertilizer resulted in steadily rising crop yields over time”
t0“rice–wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Redox potential, soil pH, and organic carbon best accounted for nitrogen use efficiency trajectories.
- Taxon
- rice–wheatOryza sativaTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- nitrogen use efficiencye0
- Qualifier
- redox potential, soil pH, and soil organic carbone0
- Setting
- soil pHe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Changes in the redox potential, soil pH, and soil organic carbon best accounted for the observed trajectories in nitrogen use efficiency”
t0“rice–wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend green manuring with Sesbania aculeata, rice straw compost, and half fertilizer.
- Taxon
- rice–wheatOryza sativaTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- green manuring with Sesbania aculeata + rice straw compost at 5 t ha −1 + only 50% of recommended dose of fertilizerse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“green manuring with Sesbania aculeata + rice straw compost at 5 t ha −1 + only 50% of recommended dose of fertilizers (GM + RSC-F50)”
t0“rice–wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend green manuring with Sesbania aculeata, farmyard manure, and half fertilizer.
- Taxon
- rice–wheatOryza sativaTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- green manuring with Sesbania aculeata + farmyard manure at 5 t ha −1 + only 50% of recommended dose of fertilizerse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“green manuring with Sesbania aculeata + farmyard manure at 5 t ha −1 + only 50% of recommended dose of fertilizers (GM + FYM-F50)”
t0“rice–wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Crop residue incorporation alone might not reduce chemical fertilizer use.
- Taxon
- rice–wheatOryza sativaTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- Sole incorporation of crop residues without nitrogen augmentation from other sources might not help curtail chemical fertilizer usee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sole incorporation of crop residues without nitrogen augmentation from other sources might not help curtail chemical fertilizer use”
t0“rice–wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice straw compost proved a useful nitrogen source for integrated nutrient management.
- Taxon
- rice–wheatOryza sativaTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- a useful nitrogen source and a vital component of INMe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Composting rice straw, which otherwise is widely burnt, proved a useful nitrogen source and a vital component of INM”
t0“rice–wheat”
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