Abstract
Water deficit is one of the most important stress factors affecting yield and production quality. Breeders are focusing on breeding wheat cultivars and crop lines that are more resistant to water deficit, so there is a possibility that plants with changes in their ear morphologies, such as long chaff and multi-rowed varieties, will be more resistant to water deficit. Therefore, our research focused on the study of changes in the physiological parameters of wheat cultivar ‘Bohemia’ (normal cob) with an altered morphotype (genotypes ‘284-17’ (long chaff) and genotype ‘29-17’ (multirow cob)), in relation to the duration of the water deficit. The experiment was set up as a container experiment under partially controlled greenhouse conditions. The experimental design included four treatments. The control (C) variant was irrigated regularly. The other treatments were stressed by water deficit, which was induced through the method of gradually drying the substrate: treatment D1 involved 10 days without irrigation, 4 days of watering, 10 days with a re-induced water deficit and 4 days of watering; treatment D2 involved 10 days of watering, and then stress was induced via water deficit until the end of the experiment; treatment D3 involved 10 days of stress and then irrigation until the end of the experiment. The pigment content, gas exchange rate, chlorophyll fluorescence and water potential were monitored in the juvenile wheat plants. The obtained results showed that the contents of photosynthetically active pigments (chlorophyll a and b and carotenoids) were influenced by the gene type. The chlorophyll and carotenoid content were higher in genotype ‘29-17’ (0.080 and 1.925 nM cm−2, respectively) and lowest in cultivar ‘Bohemia’ (0.080 and 0.080 nM cm−2, respectively). The chlorophyll content decreased due to water deficit most significantly in the D2 variant (0.071 nM cm−2), compared to the control (0.138 nM cm−2). The carotenoid content significantly decreased due to water deficiency in the cultivar ‘Bohemia’, D2 (0.061 nM cm−2) and the genotype ‘284-17’ (0.075 nM cm−2) and non-significantly decreased in ‘29-17’ (1.785 nM cm−2). In the control plants, the carotenoid content decreased in the following order: genotype ‘29-17’ (1.853 nM cm−2) > genotype ‘284-17’ (0.088 nM cm−2) > cv. ‘Bohemia’ (0.087 nM cm−2). Wheat plants had a decreased photosynthetic rate due to the closure of stomata and reduction in substomatal CO2 levels, which were caused by water deficit. The above effect was observed in genotype ‘29-17’ and cultivar ‘Bohemia’. The transpiration rate increased by 0.099 mM m−2 s−1 (5.69%) in the variety ‘Bohemia’, due to water deficit. On the other hand, the transpiration rate of genotype ‘29-17’ and genotype ‘284-17’ decreased by 0.261 mM m−2 s−1 (88.19%) and 0.325 mM m−2 s−1 (81.67%), respectively, compared to the control. Among the genotypes studied, genotype ‘29-17’ showed higher photosynthesis and transpiration rates, compared to genotype ‘284-17’ and the variety ‘Bohemia’. The effect of genotype and water deficit on chlorophyll fluorescence parameters was also shown. In all genotypes studied, there was a significant decrease in water potential due to water deficit, most significantly in the Bohemia variety, then in the genotype ‘284-17’, and the least significant decrease in water potential was seen in the genotype ‘29-17’. Genotype ‘29-17’ appears promising with respect to drought tolerance and photosynthetic rate, despite increased transpiration and reduced water potential; it also appears promising for better water management, with respect to reduced water potential in aboveground organs. On the other hand, the variety Bohemia appears to be less suitable for dry areas, since, despite its relative plasticity, it shows not only high water potential values in the water deficit region but also the most significant decrease in water potential.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Pigment contents of wheat were influenced by genotype.
- Taxon
- Wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Material
- gene typee1
- Outcome
- contents of photosynthetically active pigmentse1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Physiological Properties of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e1“the contents of photosynthetically active pigments (chlorophyll a and b and carotenoids) were influenced by the gene type”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorophyll and carotenoid content were higher in genotype ‘29-17’.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- genotype ‘29-17’e1
- Outcome
- chlorophyll and carotenoid contente1
- Direction
- highere1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Physiological Properties of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e1“The chlorophyll and carotenoid content were higher in genotype ‘29-17’ (0.080 and 1.925 nM cm−2, respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorophyll and carotenoid content were lowest in cultivar ‘Bohemia’.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- cultivar ‘Bohemia’e2
- Outcome
- chlorophyll and carotenoid contente1
- Direction
- loweste2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Physiological Properties of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e1“The chlorophyll and carotenoid content were higher in genotype ‘29-17’ (0.080 and 1.925 nM cm−2, respectively)”
e2“lowest in cultivar ‘Bohemia’ (0.080 and 0.080 nM cm−2, respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
Water deficit significantly decreased chlorophyll content to 0.071 nM cm−2, compared with the control (0.138 nM cm−2).
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- water deficite1
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contente1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Value
- 0.071 nM cm−2e1
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Physiological Properties of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e1“The chlorophyll content decreased due to water deficit most significantly in the D2 variant (0.071 nM cm−2), compared to the control (0.138 nM cm−2)”
Claim · model-written summary
Water deficiency significantly decreased carotenoid content in cultivar ‘Bohemia’ (0.061 nM cm−2).
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- cultivar ‘Bohemia’e1
- Treatment
- water deficiencye1
- Outcome
- carotenoid contente1
- Direction
- significantly decreasede1
- Value
- 0.061 nM cm−2e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Physiological Properties of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e1“The carotenoid content significantly decreased due to water deficiency in the cultivar ‘Bohemia’, D2 (0.061 nM cm−2) and the genotype ‘284-17’ (0.075 nM cm−2)”
Claim · model-written summary
Water deficiency significantly decreased carotenoid content in genotype ‘284-17’ (0.075 nM cm−2).
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- genotype ‘284-17’e1
- Treatment
- water deficiencye1
- Outcome
- carotenoid contente1
- Direction
- significantly decreasede1
- Value
- 0.075 nM cm−2e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Physiological Properties of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e1“The carotenoid content significantly decreased due to water deficiency in the cultivar ‘Bohemia’, D2 (0.061 nM cm−2) and the genotype ‘284-17’ (0.075 nM cm−2)”
Claim · model-written summary
Water deficiency non-significantly decreased carotenoid content in genotype ‘29-17’ (1.785 nM cm−2).
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- ‘29-17’e2
- Treatment
- water deficiencye1
- Outcome
- carotenoid contente1
- Direction
- non-significantly decreasede2
- Value
- 1.785 nM cm−2e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Physiological Properties of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e1“The carotenoid content significantly decreased due to water deficiency in the cultivar ‘Bohemia’, D2 (0.061 nM cm−2) and the genotype ‘284-17’ (0.075 nM cm−2)”
e2“non-significantly decreased in ‘29-17’ (1.785 nM cm−2)”
Claim · model-written summary
Water deficit decreased the photosynthetic rate of wheat through stomatal closure and lower substomatal CO2 in genotype ‘29-17’ and cultivar ‘Bohemia’.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- genotype ‘29-17’e2
- Treatment
- water deficite1
- Outcome
- photosynthetic ratee1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Qualifier
- closure of stomatae1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Physiological Properties of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e1“Wheat plants had a decreased photosynthetic rate due to the closure of stomata and reduction in substomatal CO2 levels, which were caused by water deficit”
e2“The above effect was observed in genotype ‘29-17’ and cultivar ‘Bohemia’”
Claim · model-written summary
Water deficit increased the transpiration rate of cultivar ‘Bohemia’ by 0.099 mM m−2 s−1 (5.69%).
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- variety ‘Bohemia’e1
- Treatment
- water deficite1
- Outcome
- transpiration ratee1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 0.099 mM m−2 s−1 (5.69%)e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Physiological Properties of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e1“The transpiration rate increased by 0.099 mM m−2 s−1 (5.69%) in the variety ‘Bohemia’, due to water deficit”
Claim · model-written summary
Transpiration rate of genotype ‘29-17’ decreased by 0.261 mM m−2 s−1 (88.19%) compared with the control.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- genotype ‘29-17’e1
- Outcome
- transpiration ratee1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Value
- 0.261 mM m−2 s−1 (88.19%)e1
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Physiological Properties of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e1“the transpiration rate of genotype ‘29-17’ and genotype ‘284-17’ decreased by 0.261 mM m−2 s−1 (88.19%) and 0.325 mM m−2 s−1 (81.67%), respectively, compared to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Transpiration rate of genotype ‘284-17’ decreased by 0.325 mM m−2 s−1 (81.67%) compared with the control.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- genotype ‘284-17’e1
- Outcome
- transpiration ratee1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Value
- 0.325 mM m−2 s−1 (81.67%)e1
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Physiological Properties of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e1“the transpiration rate of genotype ‘29-17’ and genotype ‘284-17’ decreased by 0.261 mM m−2 s−1 (88.19%) and 0.325 mM m−2 s−1 (81.67%), respectively, compared to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Genotype ‘29-17’ showed higher photosynthesis and transpiration rates than genotype ‘284-17’ and cultivar ‘Bohemia’.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- genotype ‘29-17’e1
- Outcome
- photosynthesis and transpiration ratese1
- Direction
- highere1
- Comparator
- genotype ‘284-17’e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Physiological Properties of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e1“genotype ‘29-17’ showed higher photosynthesis and transpiration rates, compared to genotype ‘284-17’”
Claim · model-written summary
Water deficit significantly decreased water potential in all wheat genotypes, most strongly in the Bohemia variety.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Bohemia varietye1
- Treatment
- water deficite1
- Outcome
- water potentiale1
- Direction
- significant decreasee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Physiological Properties of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e1“In all genotypes studied, there was a significant decrease in water potential due to water deficit, most significantly in the Bohemia variety”
Claim · model-written summary
Genotype ‘29-17’ showed the least significant decrease in water potential under water deficit.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- genotype ‘29-17’e1
- Outcome
- water potentiale1
- Direction
- least significant decreasee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Physiological Properties of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e1“the least significant decrease in water potential was seen in the genotype ‘29-17’”
Claim · model-written summary
Genotype ‘29-17’ appears promising for drought tolerance.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- Genotype ‘29-17’e1
- Outcome
- drought tolerancee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Physiological Properties of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e1“Genotype ‘29-17’ appears promising with respect to drought tolerance and photosynthetic rate”
Claim · model-written summary
The Bohemia variety appears less suitable for dry areas.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- variety Bohemiae1
- Outcome
- suitable for dry arease1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Physiological Properties of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e1“the variety Bohemia appears to be less suitable for dry areas”
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