Abstract
One of the most destructive diseases, Gibberella stalk rot (GSR), caused by Fusarium graminearum, reduces maize yields significantly. An induced resistance response is a potent and cost-effective plant defense against pathogen attack. The functional counterpart of JAs, coronatine (COR), has attracted a lot of interest recently due to its ability to control plant growth and stimulate secondary metabolism. Although several studies have focused on COR as a plant immune elicitor to improve plant resistance to pathogens, the effectiveness and underlying mechanisms of the suppressive ability against COR to F. graminearum in maize have been limited. We investigated the potential physiological and molecular mechanisms of COR in modulating maize resistance to F. graminearum. COR treatment strongly enhanced disease resistance and promoted stomatal closure with H2O2 accumulation, and 10 μg/mL was confirmed as the best concentration. COR treatment increased defense-related enzyme activity and decreased the malondialdehyde content with enhanced antioxidant enzyme activity. To identify candidate resistance genes and gain insight into the molecular mechanism of GSR resistance associated with COR, we integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic data to systemically explore the defense mechanisms of COR, and multiple hub genes were pinpointed using weighted gene correlation network analysis (WGCNA). We discovered 6 significant modules containing 10 candidate genes: WRKY transcription factor (LOC100279570), calcium-binding protein (LOC100382070), NBR1-like protein (LOC100275089), amino acid permease (LOC100382244), glutathione S-transferase (LOC541830), HXXXD-type acyl-transferase (LOC100191608), prolin-rich extensin-like receptor protein kinase (LOC100501564), AP2-like ethylene-responsive transcription factor (LOC100384380), basic leucine zipper (LOC100275351), and glycosyltransferase (LOC606486), which are highly correlated with the jasmonic acid–ethylene signaling pathway and antioxidants. In addition, a core set of metabolites, including alpha-linolenic acid metabolism and flavonoids biosynthesis linked to the hub genes, were identified. Taken together, our research revealed differentially expressed key genes and metabolites, as well as co-expression networks, associated with COR treatment of maize stems after F. graminearum infection. In addition, COR-treated maize had higher JA (JA-Ile and Me-JA) levels. We postulated that COR plays a positive role in maize resistance to F. graminearum by regulating antioxidant levels and the JA signaling pathway, and the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway is also involved in the resistance response against GSR.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Coronatine enhanced resistance to Gibberella stalk rot in maize.
- Treatment
- COR treatmente0
- Interactor
- Fusarium graminearum
_on_Corn_(Zea_mays)_at_Waimea%2C_Hawaii.jpg?width=60)
Fusarium graminearume1pathogent0 - Outcome
- disease resistancee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_on_Corn_(Zea_mays)_at_Waimea%2C_Hawaii.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“COR treatment strongly enhanced disease resistance”
e1“caused by Fusarium graminearum”
t0“Coronatine-Induced Maize Defense against Gibberella Stalk Rot by Activating Antioxidants and Phytohormone Signaling”
Claim · model-written summary
Coronatine promoted stomatal closure with H2O2 accumulation.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“COR treatment strongly enhanced disease resistance and promoted stomatal closure with H2O2 accumulation, and 10 μg/mL was confirmed as the best concentration”
t0“Coronatine-Induced Maize Defense against Gibberella Stalk Rot by Activating Antioxidants and Phytohormone Signaling”
Claim · model-written summary
Coronatine increased defense-related enzyme activity.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“COR treatment increased defense-related enzyme activity”
t0“Coronatine-Induced Maize Defense against Gibberella Stalk Rot by Activating Antioxidants and Phytohormone Signaling”
Claim · model-written summary
Coronatine decreased malondialdehyde content.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“decreased the malondialdehyde content”
t0“Coronatine-Induced Maize Defense against Gibberella Stalk Rot by Activating Antioxidants and Phytohormone Signaling”
Claim · model-written summary
Coronatine enhanced antioxidant enzyme activity.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“enhanced antioxidant enzyme activity”
t0“Coronatine-Induced Maize Defense against Gibberella Stalk Rot by Activating Antioxidants and Phytohormone Signaling”
Claim · model-written summary
Six significant gene modules contained ten candidate resistance genes.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“6 significant modules containing 10 candidate genes”
t0“Coronatine-Induced Maize Defense against Gibberella Stalk Rot by Activating Antioxidants and Phytohormone Signaling”
Claim · model-written summary
Candidate genes were strongly correlated with jasmonic acid–ethylene signaling and antioxidants.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“which are highly correlated with the jasmonic acid–ethylene signaling pathway and antioxidants”
e1“6 significant modules containing 10 candidate genes”
t0“Coronatine-Induced Maize Defense against Gibberella Stalk Rot by Activating Antioxidants and Phytohormone Signaling”
Claim · model-written summary
Metabolites linked to hub genes included alpha-linolenic acid metabolism and flavonoid biosynthesis.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a core set of metabolites, including alpha-linolenic acid metabolism and flavonoids biosynthesis linked to the hub genes, were identified”
t0“Coronatine-Induced Maize Defense against Gibberella Stalk Rot by Activating Antioxidants and Phytohormone Signaling”
Claim · model-written summary
Coronatine-treated maize had higher JA levels.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“COR-treated maize had higher JA (JA-Ile and Me-JA) levels”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors postulate that coronatine promotes resistance through antioxidants and JA signaling.
- Treatment
- CORe0
- Interactor
- F. graminearumFusarium graminearume0pathogen
- Outcome
- maize resistance to F. graminearume0
- Qualifier
- regulating antioxidant levels and the JA signaling pathwaye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We postulated that COR plays a positive role in maize resistance to F. graminearum by regulating antioxidant levels and the JA signaling pathway”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors postulate flavonoid biosynthesis contributes to resistance against GSR.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway is also involved in the resistance response against GSR”
t0“Coronatine-Induced Maize Defense against Gibberella Stalk Rot by Activating Antioxidants and Phytohormone Signaling”
The same questions in other papers
Coronatine · physiology: oxidative · Zea mays (maize)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.