Abstract
Target of rapamycin (TOR) signaling is an essential nutrient-dependent pathway controlling cell growth in all eukaryotes. TOR signaling is well characterized in yeast and animals but remains poorly investigated in plants. The hormonal action of gibberellic acid (GA) is a crucial factor for wheat germination by inducing the synthesis of α-amylase in wheat aleurone cells. Here we showed that GA promotes the activation of Triticum aestivum TOR (TaTOR) signaling as evidenced by increased phosphorylation of T. aestivum S6K1 (TaS6K1) on its conserved hydrophobic motif together with proteasomal degradation of growth-inhibitory factor Rht-1. GA-dependent activation of TaTOR signaling led to α-amylase synthesis and Rht-1 proteasomal degradation because both GA-dependent events were sensitive to TaTOR inhibition. Using antibodies specific to TaTOR, we successfully identified the presence of endogenous TaTOR protein in terminally differentiated wheat aleurone layers. Additionally, by examining the rapamycin-sensitive phosphorylation of S6K1 as a reliable indicator of endogenous TOR kinase activity, we demonstrated that the activity of TaTOR in aleurone layers is enhanced by GA. Importantly, this stimulation is not associated with the regulation of either TaTOR transcription or the accumulation of TaTOR protein. In yeast and pull-down assays, a robust interaction between TaS6K1 and the N terminus of Rht-1 (amino acids 1–234) was observed, a finding further supported by co-immunoprecipitation of endogenous Rht-1 and TaS6K1. Furthermore, the administration of mTOR inhibitors significantly attenuated GA-induced degradation of endogenous Rht-1 and prolonged the persistence of the complex formed by these two proteins. We propose that TaTOR-TaS6K1 signaling contributes to GA-dependent wheat germination by mediating α-amylase synthesis and controlling proteasomal degradation of Rht-1 in wheat aleurone cells.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
GA increased TaS6K1 phosphorylation and activated TaTOR signaling.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivum
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- GAe0
- Gene
- T. aestivum S6K1 (TaS6K1)e0
- Outcome
- phosphorylation of T. aestivum S6K1 (TaS6K1)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GA promotes the activation of Triticum aestivum TOR (TaTOR) signaling as evidenced by increased phosphorylation of T. aestivum S6K1 (TaS6K1) on its conserved hydrophobic motif”
Claim · model-written summary
GA promoted proteasomal degradation of Rht-1.
- Taxon
- Triticum aestivumTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- GAe0
- Gene
- Rht-1e0
- Outcome
- proteasomal degradation of growth-inhibitory factor Rht-1e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GA promotes the activation of Triticum aestivum TOR (TaTOR) signaling as evidenced by increased phosphorylation of T. aestivum S6K1 (TaS6K1) on its conserved hydrophobic motif together with proteasomal degradation of growth-inhibitory factor Rht-1”
Claim · model-written summary
TaTOR inhibition suppressed GA-dependent α-amylase synthesis.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- TaTOR inhibitione0
- Gene
- TaTORe0
- Outcome
- α-amylase synthesise0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GA-dependent activation of TaTOR signaling led to α-amylase synthesis and Rht-1 proteasomal degradation because both GA-dependent events were sensitive to TaTOR inhibition”
t0“wheat aleurone cells”
Claim · model-written summary
TaTOR inhibition suppressed GA-dependent Rht-1 proteasomal degradation.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- TaTOR inhibitione0
- Gene
- Rht-1e0
- Outcome
- Rht-1 proteasomal degradatione0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GA-dependent activation of TaTOR signaling led to α-amylase synthesis and Rht-1 proteasomal degradation because both GA-dependent events were sensitive to TaTOR inhibition”
t0“wheat aleurone cells”
Claim · model-written summary
Endogenous TaTOR protein was detected in differentiated wheat aleurone layers.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Organ / stage
- aleurone layerse0
- Gene
- TaTORe0
- Outcome
- presence of endogenous TaTOR proteine0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“identified the presence of endogenous TaTOR protein in terminally differentiated wheat aleurone layers”
Claim · model-written summary
GA enhanced TaTOR activity in aleurone layers.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- aleurone layerse0
- Treatment
- GAe0
- Gene
- TaTORe0
- Outcome
- activity of TaTORe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the activity of TaTOR in aleurone layers is enhanced by GA”
t0“wheat aleurone cells”
Claim · model-written summary
GA stimulation was not associated with TaTOR transcription or protein accumulation.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Gene
- TaTORe0
- Outcome
- TaTOR transcription or the accumulation of TaTOR proteine0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“this stimulation is not associated with the regulation of either TaTOR transcription or the accumulation of TaTOR protein”
t0“wheat aleurone cells”
Claim · model-written summary
TaS6K1 interacted with the N terminus of Rht-1 in yeast, pull-down and co-immunoprecipitation assays.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Gene
- TaS6K1e0
- Outcome
- interaction between TaS6K1 and the N terminus of Rht-1e0
- Qualifier
- amino acids 1–234e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a robust interaction between TaS6K1 and the N terminus of Rht-1 (amino acids 1–234) was observed, a finding further supported by co-immunoprecipitation of endogenous Rht-1 and TaS6K1”
t0“wheat aleurone cells”
Claim · model-written summary
mTOR inhibitors attenuated GA-induced endogenous Rht-1 degradation.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- mTOR inhibitorse0
- Gene
- Rht-1e0
- Outcome
- GA-induced degradation of endogenous Rht-1e0
- Direction
- attenuatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the administration of mTOR inhibitors significantly attenuated GA-induced degradation of endogenous Rht-1”
t0“wheat aleurone cells”
Claim · model-written summary
mTOR inhibitors prolonged persistence of the TaS6K1–Rht-1 complex.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- mTOR inhibitorse1
- Outcome
- persistence of the complexe0
- Direction
- prolongede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“prolonged the persistence of the complex formed by these two proteins”
e1“the administration of mTOR inhibitors significantly attenuated GA-induced degradation of endogenous Rht-1 and prolonged the persistence of the complex formed by these two proteins”
t0“wheat aleurone cells”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose that TaTOR-TaS6K1 signaling contributes to GA-dependent wheat germination through α-amylase synthesis and Rht-1 degradation.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Gene
- TaTOR-TaS6K1e0
- Outcome
- GA-dependent wheat germinatione0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“TaTOR-TaS6K1 signaling contributes to GA-dependent wheat germination by mediating α-amylase synthesis and controlling proteasomal degradation of Rht-1 in wheat aleurone cells”
The same questions in other papers
Gibberellic acid · growth · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results differ
53 papers in the same direction as this paper · 13 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- negative
- no effect
63 papers more in this group
See all 67 papers →Gibberellic acid · molecular: expression · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
7 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- no effect
- positive
5 papers more in this group
See all 9 papers →Gibberellic acid · organism · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.