Abstract
Nitrogen (N) can enhance the biomass and feeding quality of forage crops and advance the growth of the herbivorous livestock industry. Investigating the N fertilizer dynamics in the soil–crop–livestock system is important for resource-use efficiency and environmental safety. By using the 15N-labeled technology and the in vitro incubation technique, an experiment was conducted in the North China Plain (NCP) in 2015–2016 to quantify the migration and distribution of N fertilizer in the soil–forage triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack)–dairy cow system. The results showed that 34.1–37.3% of the applied N fertilizer was absorbed by forage triticale, in which 35.9–39.6% N accumulated in the stems and 60.4–64.1% accumulated in the leaves. In addition, 36.3–39.1% of the applied N fertilizer remained in the 0–100 cm soil layer, in which 81.8–91.3% was distributed in the 0–40 cm soil layer. The remaining 24.6–26.8% of the applied N fertilizer was lost in various ways and 28.1–31.3% of the N fertilizer could be utilized by dairy cows. When N fertilizer was applied between 0–225 kg N ha−1, the increased application of N fertilizer improved the biomass yield from 14.0 to 17.5 t ha−1 and enhanced the N content of the forage triticale from 1.3% to 1.4%; however, it did not significantly affect the distribution rate of N fertilizer in the soil–forage triticale–dairy cow system. The optimum N fertilizer application rate for forage triticale is less than 225 kg N ha–1 to maintain high-efficient N use in the soil–crop–livestock system and reduce the environmental risks in the NCP. Our results quantified the N fertilizer dynamics in the soil–forage triticale–dairy cow system and provided a significant reference for guiding rational strategies of forage triticale cultivation.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Forage triticale absorbed 34.1–37.3% of applied fertilizer nitrogen.
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“34.1–37.3% of the applied N fertilizer was absorbed by forage triticale”
Claim · model-written summary
Stems contained 35.9–39.6% of the nitrogen absorbed by triticale.
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“35.9–39.6% N accumulated in the stems”
t0“Forage Triticale”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaves contained 60.4–64.1% of absorbed nitrogen.
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“60.4–64.1% accumulated in the leaves”
t0“Forage Triticale”
Claim · model-written summary
The 0–100 cm soil layer retained 36.3–39.1% of applied fertilizer nitrogen.
- Taxon
- forage triticalet0
- Outcome
- applied N fertilizer remained in the 0–100 cm soil layere0
- Value
- 36.3–39.1%e0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“36.3–39.1% of the applied N fertilizer remained in the 0–100 cm soil layer”
t0“Forage Triticale”
Claim · model-written summary
Of soil-retained nitrogen, 81.8–91.3% was in the upper 0–40 cm.
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“81.8–91.3% was distributed in the 0–40 cm soil layer”
t0“Forage Triticale”
Claim · model-written summary
Losses accounted for 24.6–26.8% of applied fertilizer nitrogen.
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“The remaining 24.6–26.8% of the applied N fertilizer was lost in various ways”
t0“Forage Triticale”
Claim · model-written summary
Dairy cows could utilize 28.1–31.3% of fertilizer nitrogen.
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“28.1–31.3% of the N fertilizer could be utilized by dairy cows”
t0“Forage Triticale”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing nitrogen fertilizer from 0 to 225 kg N ha−1 raised forage biomass yield from 14.0 to 17.5 t ha−1.
Verbatim
e0“When N fertilizer was applied between 0–225 kg N ha−1, the increased application of N fertilizer improved the biomass yield from 14.0 to 17.5 t ha−1”
t0“Forage Triticale”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing fertilizer nitrogen raised forage triticale nitrogen content from 1.3% to 1.4%.
- Taxon
- forage triticalee0
- Treatment
- increased application of N fertilizere0
- Outcome
- N content of the forage triticalee0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Value
- 1.3% to 1.4%e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“the increased application of N fertilizer improved the biomass yield from 14.0 to 17.5 t ha−1 and enhanced the N content of the forage triticale from 1.3% to 1.4%”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen application rate did not significantly alter fertilizer nitrogen distribution through the soil–crop–cow system.
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“it did not significantly affect the distribution rate of N fertilizer in the soil–forage triticale–dairy cow system”
t0“Nitrogen Fertilizer”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend less than 225 kg N ha–1 for efficient nitrogen use and reduced environmental risk.
Verbatim
e0“The optimum N fertilizer application rate for forage triticale is less than 225 kg N ha–1 to maintain high-efficient N use in the soil–crop–livestock system and reduce the environmental risks in the NCP”
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