Abstract
Abstract The effect of phosphorus (P) fertiliser applications applied to the soil on the composition of up to 15 elements (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Cu, Zn, Mo, Mn, Ni, Co, Cd, Fe, and Se) in the seed of wheat (Triticum aestivum), lupin (Lupinus angustifolius), and triticale (x Triticosecale) was measured. The seed was grown in six field experiments in south‐western Australia, where P fertiliser was applied as single superphosphate, triple superphosphate or rock phosphate. Two of the experiments compared wheat and lupin, two were only wheat, one was lupin, and one was sown to triticale. The P fertiliser levels were applied either one to three years previously or while sowing the crops that produced the seed. Basal fertilisers (some or all of the following depending on the site: N, K, S, Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn, Mo, Mn, and Co) were applied before sowing the crops to ensure that P was the only element limiting yield. Increasing the levels of P fertilisers applied to all species increased the concentration of P and K in the seed. P concentration increased by 20 to 200% and K concentration by 13 to 20%. There was one exception for K; in one experiment the concentration of K in the seed of wheat did not change. For the other elements, increasing the level of application of P fertiliser either had no effect on their concentration in the seed, or the concentration increased or decreased. Generally Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe, and Se did not change, but Cu decreased. Sulfur was unaffected in cereals but increased in lupin. N was unaffected in lupin, but in cereals, when it did change, it decreased. When Mo, Mn, Ni, Co, and Cd changed in cereals, they increased, with the exception of Ni, which decreased for triticale. Nickel and Cd also increased in lupin but Mo and Mn decreased and Co did not change. The concentration of N, K, Ca, Mg, S, Zn, Mo, and Ni was always higher in lupin seed than in wheat or triticale seed whereas the concentration of Mn was lower in lupin seed. The sources of P used to grow triticale in one experiment affected the concentration of certain elements. At equal seed yields, seed grown using triple superphosphate had a greater seed concentration of P, K, Mo, Mn, and Ni than seed produced using either of the two rock phosphates. Queensland rock phosphate produced higher concentrations of Cu, Mn, Ni, and Co than North Carolina rock phosphate, but a much lower concentration of Cd.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing phosphorus fertilizer increased seed phosphorus concentration by 20 to 200% in all species.
- Taxon
- wheat, lupin, and triticale
Lupinus
Triticum aestivum
×Triticosecalet0 - Treatment
- Increasing the levels of P fertiliserse0
- Outcome
- P concentratione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 20 to 200%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increasing the levels of P fertilisers applied to all species increased the concentration of P and K in the seed. P concentration increased by 20 to 200%”
t0“wheat, lupin, and triticale”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing phosphorus fertilizer increased seed potassium concentration by 13 to 20% in all species except one wheat experiment.
- Taxon
- wheat, lupin, and triticaleLupinusTriticum aestivum×Triticosecalet0
- Treatment
- Increasing the levels of P fertiliserse1
- Outcome
- K concentratione0
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 13 to 20%e0
- Qualifier
- one exception for Ke0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“K concentration by 13 to 20%. There was one exception for K; in one experiment the concentration of K in the seed of wheat did not change”
e1“Increasing the levels of P fertilisers applied to all species increased the concentration of P and K in the seed”
t0“wheat, lupin, and triticale”
Claim · model-written summary
In one wheat experiment, seed potassium concentration did not change with phosphorus fertilizer.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- P fertilisere1
- Outcome
- concentration of K in the seed of wheate0
- Direction
- did not changee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in one experiment the concentration of K in the seed of wheat did not change”
e1“The P fertiliser levels were applied either one to three years previously”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium, magnesium, zinc, iron, and selenium concentrations generally did not change with increasing phosphorus fertilizer.
- Taxon
- wheat, lupin, and triticaleLupinusTriticum aestivum×Triticosecalet0
- Treatment
- increasing the level of application of P fertilisere1
- Outcome
- Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe, and See0
- Direction
- did not changee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Generally Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe, and Se did not change”
e1“increasing the level of application of P fertiliser”
t0“wheat, lupin, and triticale”
Claim · model-written summary
Copper concentration generally decreased with increasing phosphorus fertilizer.
- Taxon
- wheat, lupin, and triticaleLupinusTriticum aestivum×Triticosecalet0
- Treatment
- increasing the level of application of P fertilisere1
- Outcome
- Cue0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“but Cu decreased”
e1“increasing the level of application of P fertiliser”
t0“wheat, lupin, and triticale”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulfur was unaffected in cereals but increased in lupin.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sulfur was unaffected in cereals but increased in lupin”
e1“The P fertiliser levels were applied either one to three years previously”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen was unaffected in lupin seed by phosphorus fertilizer.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“N was unaffected in lupin”
e1“The P fertiliser levels were applied either one to three years previously”
Claim · model-written summary
In cereals, seed nitrogen decreased when it changed under phosphorus fertilizer.
- Taxon
- wheat, lupin, and triticaleLupinusTriticum aestivum×Triticosecalet0
- Treatment
- P fertilisere2
- Outcome
- Ne1
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in cereals, when it did change, it decreased”
e1“N was unaffected in lupin”
e2“The P fertiliser levels were applied either one to three years previously”
t0“wheat, lupin, and triticale”
Claim · model-written summary
Molybdenum, manganese, cobalt, and cadmium increased in cereal seeds when affected by phosphorus fertilizer.
- Taxon
- wheat, lupin, and triticaleLupinusTriticum aestivum×Triticosecalet0
- Treatment
- P fertilisere1
- Outcome
- Mo, Mn, Ni, Co, and Cde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- with the exception of Ni, which decreased for triticalee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When Mo, Mn, Ni, Co, and Cd changed in cereals, they increased, with the exception of Ni, which decreased for triticale”
e1“The P fertiliser levels were applied either one to three years previously”
t0“wheat, lupin, and triticale”
Claim · model-written summary
Nickel decreased in triticale seed when affected by phosphorus fertilizer.
- Taxon
- triticale×Triticosecalee0
- Treatment
- P fertilisere1
- Outcome
- Nie0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ni, which decreased for triticale”
e1“The P fertiliser levels were applied either one to three years previously”
Claim · model-written summary
Nickel and cadmium increased in lupin seed.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nickel and Cd also increased in lupin”
e1“The P fertiliser levels were applied either one to three years previously”
Claim · model-written summary
Molybdenum and manganese decreased in lupin seed.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mo and Mn decreased”
e1“Nickel and Cd also increased in lupin”
e2“The P fertiliser levels were applied either one to three years previously”
Claim · model-written summary
Cobalt did not change in lupin seed.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Co did not change”
e1“Nickel and Cd also increased in lupin”
e2“The P fertiliser levels were applied either one to three years previously”
Claim · model-written summary
Lupin seed had higher N, K, Ca, Mg, S, Zn, Mo, and Ni concentrations than wheat or triticale.
- Outcome
- concentration of N, K, Ca, Mg, S, Zn, Mo, and Nie0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- wheat or triticalee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The concentration of N, K, Ca, Mg, S, Zn, Mo, and Ni was always higher in lupin seed than in wheat or triticale seed”
Claim · model-written summary
Lupin seed had lower manganese concentration than wheat or triticale.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the concentration of Mn was lower in lupin seed”
e1“wheat or triticale seed”
Claim · model-written summary
Triple superphosphate produced greater triticale seed P, K, Mo, Mn, and Ni concentrations than rock phosphates at equal yields.
- Taxon
- triticale×Triticosecalet0
- Treatment
- triple superphosphatee0
- Outcome
- seed concentration of P, K, Mo, Mn, and Nie0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Qualifier
- At equal seed yieldse0
- Comparator
- either of the two rock phosphatese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At equal seed yields, seed grown using triple superphosphate had a greater seed concentration of P, K, Mo, Mn, and Ni than seed produced using either of the two rock phosphates”
t0“triticale”
Claim · model-written summary
Queensland rock phosphate produced higher Cu, Mn, Ni, and Co concentrations than North Carolina rock phosphate.
- Taxon
- triticale×Triticosecalet0
- Treatment
- Queensland rock phosphatee0
- Outcome
- concentrations of Cu, Mn, Ni, and Coe0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- North Carolina rock phosphatee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Queensland rock phosphate produced higher concentrations of Cu, Mn, Ni, and Co than North Carolina rock phosphate”
t0“triticale”
Claim · model-written summary
Queensland rock phosphate produced much lower cadmium concentration than North Carolina rock phosphate.
- Taxon
- triticale×Triticosecalet0
- Treatment
- Queensland rock phosphatee0
- Outcome
- concentration of Cde0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- North Carolina rock phosphatee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Queensland rock phosphate produced higher concentrations of Cu, Mn, Ni, and Co than North Carolina rock phosphate, but a much lower concentration of Cd”
t0“triticale”
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