Abstract
Spinach ( Spinacia oleracea L.) is an economically important leafy vegetable crop with an annual global production of 32 million tons. However, it is vulnerable to chewing as well as sucking insects. In vitro plant regeneration can significantly contribute to efforts toward crop improvement. This study is aimed at developing a highly efficient protocol for direct in vitro regeneration of S. oleracea from five different explants (cotyledons, leaves, petioles, hypocotyls, and root segments) and five different regeneration media. Results intimated that only petioles exhibited a response for direct regeneration; hence, they were used in further experiments. More than 35% of the petioles regenerated directly into shoots, which were later separated and cultured onto a rooting medium. All other explants showed variable responses; however, none of them could regenerate in vitro . As far as the role of plant growth regulators is concerned, gibberellic acid (GA 3 ) appeared to be the most imperative one for direct in vitro regeneration and bringing about maximum regeneration in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium augmented with 2 mg L –1 gibberellic acid (GA 3 ), 0.4 mg L –1 naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), and 1 mg L –1 benzyl amino purine (BAP). The resultant plants were acclimatized in the greenhouse and resulted in healthy, fleshy leaves. For the first time, the protocol describes efficient direct in vitro regeneration from green tissues of S. oleracea . As this is an efficient in vitro regeneration system, it may be a step forward to engineer/edit the genome of this green vegetable for valuable traits including agronomic traits improvement, biofortification, and biopharmaceutical production in the future.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
More than 35% of spinach petioles regenerated directly into shoots.
- Taxon
- Spinacia oleracea
Spinacia oleraceat0 - Organ / stage
- petiolese1
- Outcome
- regenerated directly into shootse1
- Value
- More than 35%e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Plant Regeneration from Petioles of Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)”
e1“More than 35% of the petioles regenerated directly into shoots”
Claim · model-written summary
Of the five explant types, none of the other explants (cotyledons, leaves, hypocotyls, root segments) regenerated in vitro.
- Taxon
- Spinacia oleraceaSpinacia oleraceat0
- Outcome
- could regenerate in vitroe2
- Comparator
- All other explantse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Plant Regeneration from Petioles of Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)”
e2“All other explants showed variable responses; however, none of them could regenerate in vitro”
Claim · model-written summary
Gibberellic acid (GA3) was the most important plant growth regulator for direct in vitro regeneration of spinach.
- Taxon
- Spinacia oleraceaSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- gibberellic acid (GA 3 )e3
- Outcome
- direct in vitro regeneratione3
- Direction
- most imperativee3
- Comparator
- plant growth regulatorse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Plant Regeneration from Petioles of Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)”
e3“As far as the role of plant growth regulators is concerned, gibberellic acid (GA 3 ) appeared to be the most imperative one for direct in vitro regeneration”
Claim · model-written summary
Murashige and Skoog medium with 2 mg/L GA3, 0.4 mg/L NAA and 1 mg/L BAP gave maximum regeneration of spinach.
- Taxon
- Spinacia oleraceaSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- medium augmented with 2 mg L –1 gibberellic acid (GA 3 ), 0.4 mg L –1 naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), and 1 mg L –1 benzyl amino purine (BAP)e4
- Outcome
- maximum regeneratione4
- Direction
- maximume4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Plant Regeneration from Petioles of Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)”
e4“bringing about maximum regeneration in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium augmented with 2 mg L –1 gibberellic acid (GA 3 ), 0.4 mg L –1 naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), and 1 mg L –1 benzyl amino purine (BAP)”
Claim · model-written summary
Regenerated spinach plants acclimatised in the greenhouse had healthy, fleshy leaves.
- Taxon
- Spinacia oleraceaSpinacia oleraceat0
- Outcome
- healthy, fleshy leavese5
- Setting
- greenhousee5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Plant Regeneration from Petioles of Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)”
e5“The resultant plants were acclimatized in the greenhouse and resulted in healthy, fleshy leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
The protocol is an efficient direct in vitro regeneration system for spinach.
- Taxon
- Spinacia oleraceaSpinacia oleraceat0
- Outcome
- efficient in vitro regeneration systeme6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Plant Regeneration from Petioles of Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)”
e6“As this is an efficient in vitro regeneration system”
The same questions in other papers
N-benzyladenine · growth · Spinacia oleracea (spinach)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
gibberellin A3 · growth · Spinacia oleracea (spinach)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
1-naphthaleneacetic acid · growth · Spinacia oleracea (spinach)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
in vitro · growth · Spinacia oleracea (spinach)Results agree
4 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.