Abstract
Introduction: Nicosulfuron is the leading acetolactate synthase inhibitor herbicide product, and widely used to control gramineous weeds. Here, we investigated the metabolic process of nicosulfuron into foxtail millet and maize, in order to clarify the mechanism of the difference in sensitivity of foxtail millet and maize to nicosulfuron from the perspective of physiological metabolism and provide a theoretical basis for the breeding of nicosulfuron-resistant foxtail millet varieties. Methods: We treated foxtail millet (Zhangzagu 10, Jingu 21) and maize (Nongda 108, Ditian 8) with various doses of nicosulfuron in both pot and field experiments. The malonaldehyde (MDA) content, target enzymes, detoxification enzymes, and antioxidant enzymes, as well as related gene expression levels in the leaf tissues of foxtail millet and maize were measured, and the yield was determined after maturity. Results: The results showed that the recommended dose of nicosulfuron caused Zhangzagu 10 and Jingu 21 to fail to harvest; the yield of the sensitive maize variety (Ditian 8) decreased by 37.09%, whereas that of the resistant maize variety (Nongda 108) did not decrease. Nicosulfuron stress increased the CYP450 enzyme activity, MDA content, and antioxidant enzyme activity of foxtail millet and maize, reduced the acetolactate synthase (ALS) activity and ALS gene expression of foxtail millet and Ditian 8, and reduced the glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity and GST gene expression of foxtail millet. In conclusion, target enzymes, detoxification enzymes, and antioxidant enzymes were involved in the detoxification metabolism of nicosulfuron in plants. ALS and GST are the main factors responsible for the metabolic differences among foxtail millet, sensitive maize varieties, and resistant maize varieties. Discussion: These findings offer valuable insights for exploring the target resistance (TSR) and non-target resistance (NTSR) mechanisms in foxtail millet under herbicide stress and provides theoretical basis for future research of develop foxtail millet germplasm with diverse herbicide resistance traits.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Recommended nicosulfuron prevented harvest of Zhangzagu 10 and Jingu 21.
- Taxon
- foxtail millet
Setaria italicat0 - Material
- Zhangzagu 10 and Jingu 21e0
- Treatment
- recommended dose of nicosulfurone0
- Outcome
- fail to harveste0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the recommended dose of nicosulfuron caused Zhangzagu 10 and Jingu 21 to fail to harvest”
t0“foxtail millet and maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Recommended nicosulfuron reduced Ditian 8 maize yield by 37.09%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the yield of the sensitive maize variety (Ditian 8) decreased by 37.09%”
t0“nicosulfuron”
Claim · model-written summary
Nongda 108 maize yield did not decrease under recommended nicosulfuron.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the yield of the sensitive maize variety (Ditian 8) decreased by 37.09%, whereas that of the resistant maize variety (Nongda 108) did not decrease”
t0“nicosulfuron”
Claim · model-written summary
Nicosulfuron stress increased CYP450 activity in foxtail millet and maize.
- Taxon
- foxtail millet and maizeSetaria italica
Zea mayse0 - Treatment
- Nicosulfuron stresse0
- Gene
- CYP450e0
- Outcome
- CYP450 enzyme activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nicosulfuron stress increased the CYP450 enzyme activity, MDA content, and antioxidant enzyme activity of foxtail millet and maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Nicosulfuron stress increased MDA content in foxtail millet and maize.
- Taxon
- foxtail millet and maizeSetaria italicaZea mayse0
- Treatment
- Nicosulfuron stresse0
- Outcome
- MDA contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nicosulfuron stress increased the CYP450 enzyme activity, MDA content, and antioxidant enzyme activity of foxtail millet and maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Nicosulfuron stress increased antioxidant enzyme activity in foxtail millet and maize.
- Taxon
- foxtail millet and maizeSetaria italicaZea mayse0
- Treatment
- Nicosulfuron stresse0
- Outcome
- antioxidant enzyme activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nicosulfuron stress increased the CYP450 enzyme activity, MDA content, and antioxidant enzyme activity of foxtail millet and maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Nicosulfuron reduced ALS activity in foxtail millet and Ditian 8.
- Taxon
- foxtail millet and maizeSetaria italicaZea mayst0
- Material
- Ditian 8e0
- Treatment
- nicosulfuront0
- Gene
- acetolactate synthase (ALS)e0
- Outcome
- acetolactate synthase (ALS) activitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduced the acetolactate synthase (ALS) activity and ALS gene expression of foxtail millet and Ditian 8”
t0“foxtail millet and maize to nicosulfuron”
Claim · model-written summary
Nicosulfuron reduced ALS gene expression in foxtail millet and Ditian 8.
- Taxon
- foxtail millet and maizeSetaria italicaZea mayst0
- Material
- Ditian 8e0
- Treatment
- nicosulfuront0
- Gene
- ALSe0
- Outcome
- ALS gene expressione0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduced the acetolactate synthase (ALS) activity and ALS gene expression of foxtail millet and Ditian 8”
t0“foxtail millet and maize to nicosulfuron”
Claim · model-written summary
Nicosulfuron reduced GST activity in foxtail millet.
- Taxon
- foxtail milletSetaria italicae0
- Treatment
- nicosulfuront0
- Gene
- glutathione S-transferase (GST)e0
- Outcome
- glutathione S-transferase (GST) activitye0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduced the glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity and GST gene expression of foxtail millet”
t0“foxtail millet and maize to nicosulfuron”
Claim · model-written summary
Nicosulfuron reduced GST gene expression in foxtail millet.
- Taxon
- foxtail milletSetaria italicae0
- Treatment
- nicosulfuront0
- Gene
- GSTe0
- Outcome
- GST gene expressione0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduced the glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity and GST gene expression of foxtail millet”
t0“foxtail millet and maize to nicosulfuron”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors identify ALS and GST as principal factors in metabolic differences among foxtail millet and maize varieties.
Verbatim
e0“ALS and GST are the main factors responsible for the metabolic differences among foxtail millet, sensitive maize varieties, and resistant maize varieties”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.