Abstract
The escalating release of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) into the environment poses a substantial threat, potentially leading to increased concentrations of zinc (Zn) in the soil and subsequent phytotoxic effects. This study aimed to assess the effects of ZnO NPs on Raphanus sativus ( R. sativus ) concerning its tolerance levels, toxicity, and accumulation. ZnO NPs were synthesized by the wet chemical method and characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The effect of ZnO NPs (70 nm) on R. sativus grown in coir was evaluated. The application of 1,000 mg/L of ZnO NPs resulted in a significant increase ( p < 0.05) in soluble protein content, carbohydrates, chlorophyll a (Chl-a), chlorophyll b (Chl-b), total chlorophylls, carotenoids, and antioxidants by 24.7%, 58.5%, 38.0%, 42.2%, 39.9%, 11.2%, and 7.7%, respectively. Interestingly, this dose had no impact on the indole acetic acid (IAA) content. Conversely, the use of 2,000 mg/L of ZnO NPs in the same medium led to a significant reduction ( p < 0.05) in soluble protein content by 23.1%, accompanied by a notable increase in IAA by 31.1%, indicating potential toxicity. The use of atomic absorption spectroscopy confirmed the internalization of zinc in seedlings, with a statistically significant increase ( p < 0.05). In control plants without ZnO NPs, Zn concentration was 0.36 mg/g, while at the highest ZnO NPs tested dose of 10,000 mg/L, it significantly rose to 1.76 mg/g, causing leaf chlorosis and stunted seedling growth. This suggests potential health risks related to Zn toxicity for consumers. Given the adverse effects on R. sativus at concentrations above 1000 mg/L, caution is advised in the application and release of ZnO NPs, highlighting the importance of responsible practices to mitigate harm to plant life and consumer health. The study demonstrated the tolerance of R. sativus to high Zn levels, classifying it as a Zn-tolerant species.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
1,000 mg/L of ZnO NPs increased soluble protein content by 24.7%.
- Taxon
- Raphanus sativus
Raphanus sativust0 - Treatment
- application of 1,000 mg/L of ZnO NPse1
- Outcome
- soluble protein contente1
- Direction
- increasee1
- Value
- 24.7%e1
- Qualifier
- p < 0.05e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Raphanus sativus”
e1“The application of 1,000 mg/L of ZnO NPs resulted in a significant increase ( p < 0.05) in soluble protein content, carbohydrates, chlorophyll a (Chl-a), chlorophyll b (Chl-b), total chlorophylls, carotenoids, and antioxidants by 24.7%, 58.5%, 38.0%, 42.2%, 39.9%, 11.2%, and 7.7%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
1,000 mg/L of ZnO NPs increased carbohydrates by 58.5%.
- Taxon
- Raphanus sativusRaphanus sativust0
- Treatment
- application of 1,000 mg/L of ZnO NPse1
- Outcome
- carbohydratese1
- Direction
- increasee1
- Value
- 58.5%e1
- Qualifier
- p < 0.05e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Raphanus sativus”
e1“The application of 1,000 mg/L of ZnO NPs resulted in a significant increase ( p < 0.05) in soluble protein content, carbohydrates, chlorophyll a (Chl-a), chlorophyll b (Chl-b), total chlorophylls, carotenoids, and antioxidants by 24.7%, 58.5%, 38.0%, 42.2%, 39.9%, 11.2%, and 7.7%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
1,000 mg/L of ZnO NPs increased chlorophyll a (Chl-a) by 38.0%.
- Taxon
- Raphanus sativusRaphanus sativust0
- Treatment
- application of 1,000 mg/L of ZnO NPse1
- Outcome
- chlorophyll a (Chl-a)e1
- Direction
- increasee1
- Value
- 38.0%e1
- Qualifier
- p < 0.05e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Raphanus sativus”
e1“The application of 1,000 mg/L of ZnO NPs resulted in a significant increase ( p < 0.05) in soluble protein content, carbohydrates, chlorophyll a (Chl-a), chlorophyll b (Chl-b), total chlorophylls, carotenoids, and antioxidants by 24.7%, 58.5%, 38.0%, 42.2%, 39.9%, 11.2%, and 7.7%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
1,000 mg/L of ZnO NPs increased chlorophyll b (Chl-b) by 42.2%.
- Taxon
- Raphanus sativusRaphanus sativust0
- Treatment
- application of 1,000 mg/L of ZnO NPse1
- Outcome
- chlorophyll b (Chl-b)e1
- Direction
- increasee1
- Value
- 42.2%e1
- Qualifier
- p < 0.05e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Raphanus sativus”
e1“The application of 1,000 mg/L of ZnO NPs resulted in a significant increase ( p < 0.05) in soluble protein content, carbohydrates, chlorophyll a (Chl-a), chlorophyll b (Chl-b), total chlorophylls, carotenoids, and antioxidants by 24.7%, 58.5%, 38.0%, 42.2%, 39.9%, 11.2%, and 7.7%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
1,000 mg/L of ZnO NPs increased total chlorophylls by 39.9%.
- Taxon
- Raphanus sativusRaphanus sativust0
- Treatment
- application of 1,000 mg/L of ZnO NPse1
- Outcome
- total chlorophyllse1
- Direction
- increasee1
- Value
- 39.9%e1
- Qualifier
- p < 0.05e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Raphanus sativus”
e1“The application of 1,000 mg/L of ZnO NPs resulted in a significant increase ( p < 0.05) in soluble protein content, carbohydrates, chlorophyll a (Chl-a), chlorophyll b (Chl-b), total chlorophylls, carotenoids, and antioxidants by 24.7%, 58.5%, 38.0%, 42.2%, 39.9%, 11.2%, and 7.7%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
1,000 mg/L of ZnO NPs increased carotenoids by 11.2%.
- Taxon
- Raphanus sativusRaphanus sativust0
- Treatment
- application of 1,000 mg/L of ZnO NPse1
- Outcome
- carotenoidse1
- Direction
- increasee1
- Value
- 11.2%e1
- Qualifier
- p < 0.05e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Raphanus sativus”
e1“The application of 1,000 mg/L of ZnO NPs resulted in a significant increase ( p < 0.05) in soluble protein content, carbohydrates, chlorophyll a (Chl-a), chlorophyll b (Chl-b), total chlorophylls, carotenoids, and antioxidants by 24.7%, 58.5%, 38.0%, 42.2%, 39.9%, 11.2%, and 7.7%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
1,000 mg/L of ZnO NPs increased antioxidants by 7.7%.
- Taxon
- Raphanus sativusRaphanus sativust0
- Treatment
- application of 1,000 mg/L of ZnO NPse1
- Outcome
- antioxidantse1
- Direction
- increasee1
- Value
- 7.7%e1
- Qualifier
- p < 0.05e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Raphanus sativus”
e1“The application of 1,000 mg/L of ZnO NPs resulted in a significant increase ( p < 0.05) in soluble protein content, carbohydrates, chlorophyll a (Chl-a), chlorophyll b (Chl-b), total chlorophylls, carotenoids, and antioxidants by 24.7%, 58.5%, 38.0%, 42.2%, 39.9%, 11.2%, and 7.7%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
1,000 mg/L ZnO NPs had no impact on indole acetic acid content.
- Taxon
- Raphanus sativusRaphanus sativust0
- Treatment
- application of 1,000 mg/L of ZnO NPse1
- Outcome
- indole acetic acid (IAA) contente2
- Direction
- no impacte2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Raphanus sativus”
e1“The application of 1,000 mg/L of ZnO NPs resulted in a significant increase ( p < 0.05) in soluble protein content, carbohydrates, chlorophyll a (Chl-a), chlorophyll b (Chl-b), total chlorophylls, carotenoids, and antioxidants by 24.7%, 58.5%, 38.0%, 42.2%, 39.9%, 11.2%, and 7.7%, respectively”
e2“Interestingly, this dose had no impact on the indole acetic acid (IAA) content”
Claim · model-written summary
2,000 mg/L ZnO NPs significantly reduced soluble protein content by 23.1%.
- Taxon
- Raphanus sativusRaphanus sativust0
- Treatment
- use of 2,000 mg/L of ZnO NPse3
- Outcome
- soluble protein contente3
- Direction
- reductione3
- Value
- 23.1%e3
- Qualifier
- in the same mediume3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Raphanus sativus”
e3“the use of 2,000 mg/L of ZnO NPs in the same medium led to a significant reduction ( p < 0.05) in soluble protein content by 23.1%”
Claim · model-written summary
2,000 mg/L ZnO NPs notably increased IAA by 31.1%, indicating potential toxicity.
- Taxon
- Raphanus sativusRaphanus sativust0
- Treatment
- use of 2,000 mg/L of ZnO NPse3
- Outcome
- IAAe4
- Direction
- increasee4
- Value
- 31.1%e4
- Qualifier
- indicating potential toxicitye4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Raphanus sativus”
e3“the use of 2,000 mg/L of ZnO NPs in the same medium led to a significant reduction ( p < 0.05) in soluble protein content by 23.1%”
e4“accompanied by a notable increase in IAA by 31.1%, indicating potential toxicity”
Claim · model-written summary
Zinc internalization in Raphanus sativus seedlings significantly increased.
- Taxon
- Raphanus sativusRaphanus sativust0
- Organ / stage
- seedlingse5
- Outcome
- internalization of zince5
- Direction
- increasee5
- Qualifier
- p < 0.05e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Raphanus sativus”
e5“The use of atomic absorption spectroscopy confirmed the internalization of zinc in seedlings, with a statistically significant increase ( p < 0.05)”
Claim · model-written summary
At 10,000 mg/L ZnO NPs, seedling Zn concentration significantly rose to 1.76 mg/g, from 0.36 mg/g in controls.
- Taxon
- Raphanus sativusRaphanus sativust0
- Treatment
- highest ZnO NPs tested dose of 10,000 mg/Le6
- Outcome
- Zn concentratione6
- Direction
- rosee6
- Value
- 1.76 mg/ge6
- Qualifier
- 0.36 mg/ge6
- Comparator
- control plants without ZnO NPse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Raphanus sativus”
e6“In control plants without ZnO NPs, Zn concentration was 0.36 mg/g, while at the highest ZnO NPs tested dose of 10,000 mg/L, it significantly rose to 1.76 mg/g”
Claim · model-written summary
At 10,000 mg/L ZnO NPs, Raphanus sativus showed leaf chlorosis and stunted seedling growth.
- Taxon
- Raphanus sativusRaphanus sativust0
- Treatment
- highest ZnO NPs tested dose of 10,000 mg/Le6
- Outcome
- leaf chlorosis and stunted seedling growthe7
- Comparator
- control plants without ZnO NPse6
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Raphanus sativus”
e6“In control plants without ZnO NPs, Zn concentration was 0.36 mg/g, while at the highest ZnO NPs tested dose of 10,000 mg/L, it significantly rose to 1.76 mg/g”
e7“causing leaf chlorosis and stunted seedling growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Raphanus sativus is tolerant to high Zn levels and is classified as a Zn-tolerant species.
- Taxon
- R. sativusRaphanus sativuse0
- Outcome
- tolerance of R. sativus to high Zn levelse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Raphanus sativus”
e0“The study demonstrated the tolerance of R. sativus to high Zn levels, classifying it as a Zn-tolerant species”
Claim · model-written summary
Caution is advised for ZnO NP application and release at concentrations above 1000 mg/L.
- Taxon
- R. sativusRaphanus sativuse0
- Outcome
- caution is advised in the application and release of ZnO NPse0
- Qualifier
- above 1000 mg/Le0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Raphanus sativus”
e0“Given the adverse effects on R. sativus at concentrations above 1000 mg/L, caution is advised in the application and release of ZnO NPs”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.