Abstract
Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) is considered one of the most important crops in terms of economics and food. With the widespread applications of nanoparticles (NPs) in plant science that have received great interest due to their amazing results and promising capabilities, the aim of this research was to investigate the effect of TiO2 and ZnO NPs on sugar beet plants cultured in vitro in several respects: seed germination, morphology, chlorophyll a and b contents, carotenoids, and the most important sugar beet metabolites, betaine and betalains. To investigate the effects, four different concentrations of NPs (0, 5, 15, and 25 mg/mL) were applied to two genotypes of sugar beet. Following the applications, germination numbers and root and hypocotyl lengths were measured. Further, chlorophyll, carotenoids, betaine, and betalains contents were estimated and compared. Plants exposed to NPs did not show a significant difference in seed germination, chlorophyll contents, or carotenoids as compared to the controls. On the other hand, betaine showed improvement at low concentrations of NPs and gradually decreased with increasing concentrations in both genotypes. Concerning betaxanthin, the monogerm genotype (SG833) showed a statistically significant increase in plants exposed to TiO2 NPs with concentrations of 15 and 25 mg/mL, while in the multigerm genotype (SG2020), a significant improvement was shown in plants exposed to ZnO NPs at concentrations of 15 and 25 mg/mL. Regarding betacyanin, it showed a statistically significant enhancement only in plants exposed to 25 mg/ mL ZnO NPs in the monogerm genotype. The effects of ZnO and TiO2 NPs at varying concentrations on sugar beet were studied. The research focused on the production of betaine and betalains, which are important secondary metabolites. The results indicated the possibility of increasing the production of these compounds while avoiding any negative or phytotoxic effects.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Nanoparticle exposure caused no significant difference in seed germination versus controls.
- Taxon
- Sugar beet
Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0 - Treatment
- NPse0
- Outcome
- seed germinatione0
- Direction
- did not show a significant differencee0
- Comparator
- the controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plants exposed to NPs did not show a significant difference in seed germination, chlorophyll contents, or carotenoids as compared to the controls.”
t0“sugar beet cultured in vitro”
Claim · model-written summary
Nanoparticle exposure caused no significant difference in chlorophyll contents versus controls.
- Taxon
- Sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Treatment
- NPse0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contentse0
- Direction
- did not show a significant differencee0
- Comparator
- the controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plants exposed to NPs did not show a significant difference in seed germination, chlorophyll contents, or carotenoids as compared to the controls.”
t0“sugar beet cultured in vitro”
Claim · model-written summary
Nanoparticle exposure caused no significant difference in carotenoids versus controls.
- Taxon
- Sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Treatment
- NPse0
- Outcome
- carotenoidse0
- Direction
- did not show a significant differencee0
- Comparator
- the controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plants exposed to NPs did not show a significant difference in seed germination, chlorophyll contents, or carotenoids as compared to the controls.”
t0“sugar beet cultured in vitro”
Claim · model-written summary
Betaine improved at low nanoparticle concentrations in both genotypes.
- Taxon
- Sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Treatment
- low concentrations of NPse0
- Outcome
- betainee0
- Direction
- improvemente0
- Qualifier
- both genotypese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“betaine showed improvement at low concentrations of NPs and gradually decreased with increasing concentrations in both genotypes.”
t0“sugar beet cultured in vitro”
Claim · model-written summary
Betaine gradually decreased as nanoparticle concentrations rose in both genotypes.
- Taxon
- Sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Treatment
- increasing concentrationse0
- Outcome
- betainee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- both genotypese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“betaine showed improvement at low concentrations of NPs and gradually decreased with increasing concentrations in both genotypes.”
t0“sugar beet cultured in vitro”
Claim · model-written summary
TiO2 NPs at 15 mg/mL significantly increased betaxanthin in monogerm SG833.
- Taxon
- Sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Material
- SG833e0
- Treatment
- TiO2 NPs with concentrations of 15e0
- Outcome
- betaxanthine0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Concerning betaxanthin, the monogerm genotype (SG833) showed a statistically significant increase in plants exposed to TiO2 NPs with concentrations of 15 and 25 mg/mL”
t0“sugar beet cultured in vitro”
Claim · model-written summary
TiO2 NPs at 25 mg/mL significantly increased betaxanthin in monogerm SG833.
- Taxon
- Sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Material
- SG833e0
- Treatment
- TiO2 NPs with concentrations of 15 and 25 mg/mLe0
- Outcome
- betaxanthine0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Concerning betaxanthin, the monogerm genotype (SG833) showed a statistically significant increase in plants exposed to TiO2 NPs with concentrations of 15 and 25 mg/mL”
t0“sugar beet cultured in vitro”
Claim · model-written summary
ZnO NPs at 15 and 25 mg/mL significantly improved betaxanthin in multigerm SG2020.
- Taxon
- Sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Material
- SG2020e0
- Treatment
- ZnO NPs at concentrations of 15 and 25 mg/mLe0
- Outcome
- betaxanthine0
- Direction
- improvemente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Concerning betaxanthin, the monogerm genotype (SG833) showed a statistically significant increase in plants exposed to TiO2 NPs with concentrations of 15 and 25 mg/mL, while in the multigerm genotype (SG2020), a significant improvement was shown in plants exposed to ZnO NPs at concentrations of 15 and 25 mg/mL.”
t0“sugar beet cultured in vitro”
Claim · model-written summary
ZnO NPs at 25 mg/ mL significantly enhanced betacyanin in the monogerm genotype.
- Taxon
- Sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Material
- monogerm genotypee0
- Treatment
- 25 mg/ mL ZnO NPse0
- Outcome
- betacyanine0
- Direction
- enhancemente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“betacyanin, it showed a statistically significant enhancement only in plants exposed to 25 mg/ mL ZnO NPs in the monogerm genotype.”
t0“sugar beet cultured in vitro”
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