Abstract
The effects of foliar applications of zinc oxide nanoparticles and various biostimulants were studied to alleviate water stress in sugar beet. The experiment used a split-split-plot layout based on a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications over two growing seasons (2022–2024). The main plot consisted of two irrigation levels: Irrigation after 60 and 120 mm of evaporation was considered normal irrigation (WW) and water deficit stress (WD). Zinc nanoparticle (ZnO-NPs) levels (control, 0.2, and 0.4 mg L −1 ) were assigned to subplots, and biostimulants (control, chitosan, proline, and chitosan + proline) were assigned to sub-subplots. The results shoewd under WD conditions foliar spraying of 4 mg L −1 of ZnO-NPs increased the chlorophyll b content (22.85%), carotenoid (9.58%), proline content (18.42%), beta-glycine (13.20%), stomatal conductance (33.53%), gibberellin (GA) (9.09%), cytokinin (CK) (13.07%), catalase enzyme activity (CAT) (7.86%), superoxide dismutase (SOD) (25.56%), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) (5.34%), and root yield (RY) (10.48%) and decreased abscisic acid (ABA) (11.24%), malondialdehyde (MAD) (17.33%), and hydrogen peroxide (17.18%) compared to the control. Among biostimulants treatments, application of chitosan + proline under WD conditions increased the content of chlorophyll a (37.44%), chlorophyll b (16.23%), proline (4.87%), beta-glycine (18.09%), GA (7.00%), auxin (IAA) (35.40%), CK (18.03%), CAT (11.42%), APX (19.6%), and RY (11.46%) compared to control, and decreased the content of ABA (24.16%), MAD (9.03%), and hydrogen peroxide (11.50%). In this experiment, the combination of 2 mg L -1 ZnO-NPs with chitosan and proline exhibited a synergistic effect, increasing the content of chlorophyll a and b, relative water content (RWC), SOD, and RY, while reducing ABA. The lowest IBRv2 values were recorded for control + proline, control + chitosan, 2 mg L −1 ZnO-NPs + Control, 4 mg L −1 ZnO-NPs + Control, and 4 mg L −1 ZnO-NPs + Proline treatments. 4 mg L −1 ZnO-NPs + chitosan + proline (I = 0.803) and 4 mg L −1 ZnO-NPs + proline (I = 0.809) showed the smallest increases in MAD content. In terms of RY, the least decrease was observed in the treatments of 4 mg L −1 ZnO-NPs + Chitosan and Proline (I = − 0.492) and 4 mg L −1 ZnO-NPs + Proline (I = − 1.014).
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Under water deficit, 4 mg L −1 ZnO-NPs increased chlorophyll b content by 22.85% versus control.
- Taxon
- sugar beet
Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0 - Treatment
- foliar spraying of 4 mg L −1 of ZnO-NPse0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll b contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 22.85%e0
- Qualifier
- under WD conditionse0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results shoewd under WD conditions foliar spraying of 4 mg L −1 of ZnO-NPs increased the chlorophyll b content (22.85%), carotenoid (9.58%), proline content (18.42%), beta-glycine (13.20%), stomatal conductance (33.53%), gibberellin (GA) (9.09%), cytokinin (CK) (13.07%), catalase enzyme activity (CAT) (7.86%), superoxide dismutase (SOD) (25.56%), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) (5.34%), and root yield (RY) (10.48%) and decreased abscisic acid (ABA) (11.24%), malondialdehyde (MAD) (17.33%), and hydrogen peroxide (17.18%) compared to the control.”
t0“sugar beet”
Claim · model-written summary
Under water deficit, 4 mg L −1 ZnO-NPs increased carotenoid by 9.58% versus control.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Treatment
- foliar spraying of 4 mg L −1 of ZnO-NPse0
- Outcome
- carotenoide0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 9.58%e0
- Qualifier
- under WD conditionse0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results shoewd under WD conditions foliar spraying of 4 mg L −1 of ZnO-NPs increased the chlorophyll b content (22.85%), carotenoid (9.58%), proline content (18.42%), beta-glycine (13.20%), stomatal conductance (33.53%), gibberellin (GA) (9.09%), cytokinin (CK) (13.07%), catalase enzyme activity (CAT) (7.86%), superoxide dismutase (SOD) (25.56%), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) (5.34%), and root yield (RY) (10.48%) and decreased abscisic acid (ABA) (11.24%), malondialdehyde (MAD) (17.33%), and hydrogen peroxide (17.18%) compared to the control.”
t0“sugar beet”
Claim · model-written summary
Under water deficit, 4 mg L −1 ZnO-NPs increased proline content by 18.42% versus control.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Treatment
- foliar spraying of 4 mg L −1 of ZnO-NPse0
- Outcome
- proline contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 18.42%e0
- Qualifier
- under WD conditionse0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results shoewd under WD conditions foliar spraying of 4 mg L −1 of ZnO-NPs increased the chlorophyll b content (22.85%), carotenoid (9.58%), proline content (18.42%), beta-glycine (13.20%), stomatal conductance (33.53%), gibberellin (GA) (9.09%), cytokinin (CK) (13.07%), catalase enzyme activity (CAT) (7.86%), superoxide dismutase (SOD) (25.56%), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) (5.34%), and root yield (RY) (10.48%) and decreased abscisic acid (ABA) (11.24%), malondialdehyde (MAD) (17.33%), and hydrogen peroxide (17.18%) compared to the control.”
t0“sugar beet”
Claim · model-written summary
Under water deficit, 4 mg L −1 ZnO-NPs increased beta-glycine by 13.20% versus control.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Treatment
- foliar spraying of 4 mg L −1 of ZnO-NPse0
- Outcome
- beta-glycinee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 13.20%e0
- Qualifier
- under WD conditionse0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results shoewd under WD conditions foliar spraying of 4 mg L −1 of ZnO-NPs increased the chlorophyll b content (22.85%), carotenoid (9.58%), proline content (18.42%), beta-glycine (13.20%), stomatal conductance (33.53%), gibberellin (GA) (9.09%), cytokinin (CK) (13.07%), catalase enzyme activity (CAT) (7.86%), superoxide dismutase (SOD) (25.56%), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) (5.34%), and root yield (RY) (10.48%) and decreased abscisic acid (ABA) (11.24%), malondialdehyde (MAD) (17.33%), and hydrogen peroxide (17.18%) compared to the control.”
t0“sugar beet”
Claim · model-written summary
Under water deficit, 4 mg L −1 ZnO-NPs increased stomatal conductance by 33.53% versus control.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Treatment
- foliar spraying of 4 mg L −1 of ZnO-NPse0
- Outcome
- stomatal conductancee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 33.53%e0
- Qualifier
- under WD conditionse0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results shoewd under WD conditions foliar spraying of 4 mg L −1 of ZnO-NPs increased the chlorophyll b content (22.85%), carotenoid (9.58%), proline content (18.42%), beta-glycine (13.20%), stomatal conductance (33.53%), gibberellin (GA) (9.09%), cytokinin (CK) (13.07%), catalase enzyme activity (CAT) (7.86%), superoxide dismutase (SOD) (25.56%), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) (5.34%), and root yield (RY) (10.48%) and decreased abscisic acid (ABA) (11.24%), malondialdehyde (MAD) (17.33%), and hydrogen peroxide (17.18%) compared to the control.”
t0“sugar beet”
Claim · model-written summary
Under water deficit, 4 mg L −1 ZnO-NPs increased gibberellin (GA) by 9.09% versus control.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Treatment
- foliar spraying of 4 mg L −1 of ZnO-NPse0
- Outcome
- gibberellin (GA)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 9.09%e0
- Qualifier
- under WD conditionse0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results shoewd under WD conditions foliar spraying of 4 mg L −1 of ZnO-NPs increased the chlorophyll b content (22.85%), carotenoid (9.58%), proline content (18.42%), beta-glycine (13.20%), stomatal conductance (33.53%), gibberellin (GA) (9.09%), cytokinin (CK) (13.07%), catalase enzyme activity (CAT) (7.86%), superoxide dismutase (SOD) (25.56%), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) (5.34%), and root yield (RY) (10.48%) and decreased abscisic acid (ABA) (11.24%), malondialdehyde (MAD) (17.33%), and hydrogen peroxide (17.18%) compared to the control.”
t0“sugar beet”
Claim · model-written summary
Under water deficit, 4 mg L −1 ZnO-NPs increased cytokinin (CK) by 13.07% versus control.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Treatment
- foliar spraying of 4 mg L −1 of ZnO-NPse0
- Outcome
- cytokinin (CK)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 13.07%e0
- Qualifier
- under WD conditionse0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results shoewd under WD conditions foliar spraying of 4 mg L −1 of ZnO-NPs increased the chlorophyll b content (22.85%), carotenoid (9.58%), proline content (18.42%), beta-glycine (13.20%), stomatal conductance (33.53%), gibberellin (GA) (9.09%), cytokinin (CK) (13.07%), catalase enzyme activity (CAT) (7.86%), superoxide dismutase (SOD) (25.56%), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) (5.34%), and root yield (RY) (10.48%) and decreased abscisic acid (ABA) (11.24%), malondialdehyde (MAD) (17.33%), and hydrogen peroxide (17.18%) compared to the control.”
t0“sugar beet”
Claim · model-written summary
Under water deficit, 4 mg L −1 ZnO-NPs increased catalase enzyme activity (CAT) by 7.86% versus control.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Treatment
- foliar spraying of 4 mg L −1 of ZnO-NPse0
- Outcome
- catalase enzyme activity (CAT)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 7.86%e0
- Qualifier
- under WD conditionse0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results shoewd under WD conditions foliar spraying of 4 mg L −1 of ZnO-NPs increased the chlorophyll b content (22.85%), carotenoid (9.58%), proline content (18.42%), beta-glycine (13.20%), stomatal conductance (33.53%), gibberellin (GA) (9.09%), cytokinin (CK) (13.07%), catalase enzyme activity (CAT) (7.86%), superoxide dismutase (SOD) (25.56%), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) (5.34%), and root yield (RY) (10.48%) and decreased abscisic acid (ABA) (11.24%), malondialdehyde (MAD) (17.33%), and hydrogen peroxide (17.18%) compared to the control.”
t0“sugar beet”
Claim · model-written summary
Under water deficit, 4 mg L −1 ZnO-NPs increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) by 25.56% versus control.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Treatment
- foliar spraying of 4 mg L −1 of ZnO-NPse0
- Outcome
- superoxide dismutase (SOD)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 25.56%e0
- Qualifier
- under WD conditionse0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results shoewd under WD conditions foliar spraying of 4 mg L −1 of ZnO-NPs increased the chlorophyll b content (22.85%), carotenoid (9.58%), proline content (18.42%), beta-glycine (13.20%), stomatal conductance (33.53%), gibberellin (GA) (9.09%), cytokinin (CK) (13.07%), catalase enzyme activity (CAT) (7.86%), superoxide dismutase (SOD) (25.56%), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) (5.34%), and root yield (RY) (10.48%) and decreased abscisic acid (ABA) (11.24%), malondialdehyde (MAD) (17.33%), and hydrogen peroxide (17.18%) compared to the control.”
t0“sugar beet”
Claim · model-written summary
Under water deficit, 4 mg L −1 ZnO-NPs increased ascorbate peroxidase (APX) by 5.34% versus control.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Treatment
- foliar spraying of 4 mg L −1 of ZnO-NPse0
- Outcome
- ascorbate peroxidase (APX)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 5.34%e0
- Qualifier
- under WD conditionse0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results shoewd under WD conditions foliar spraying of 4 mg L −1 of ZnO-NPs increased the chlorophyll b content (22.85%), carotenoid (9.58%), proline content (18.42%), beta-glycine (13.20%), stomatal conductance (33.53%), gibberellin (GA) (9.09%), cytokinin (CK) (13.07%), catalase enzyme activity (CAT) (7.86%), superoxide dismutase (SOD) (25.56%), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) (5.34%), and root yield (RY) (10.48%) and decreased abscisic acid (ABA) (11.24%), malondialdehyde (MAD) (17.33%), and hydrogen peroxide (17.18%) compared to the control.”
t0“sugar beet”
Claim · model-written summary
Under water deficit, 4 mg L −1 ZnO-NPs increased root yield (RY) by 10.48% versus control.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Treatment
- foliar spraying of 4 mg L −1 of ZnO-NPse0
- Outcome
- root yield (RY)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 10.48%e0
- Qualifier
- under WD conditionse0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results shoewd under WD conditions foliar spraying of 4 mg L −1 of ZnO-NPs increased the chlorophyll b content (22.85%), carotenoid (9.58%), proline content (18.42%), beta-glycine (13.20%), stomatal conductance (33.53%), gibberellin (GA) (9.09%), cytokinin (CK) (13.07%), catalase enzyme activity (CAT) (7.86%), superoxide dismutase (SOD) (25.56%), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) (5.34%), and root yield (RY) (10.48%) and decreased abscisic acid (ABA) (11.24%), malondialdehyde (MAD) (17.33%), and hydrogen peroxide (17.18%) compared to the control.”
t0“sugar beet”
Claim · model-written summary
Under water deficit, 4 mg L −1 ZnO-NPs decreased abscisic acid (ABA) by 11.24% versus control.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Treatment
- foliar spraying of 4 mg L −1 of ZnO-NPse0
- Outcome
- abscisic acid (ABA)e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 11.24%e0
- Qualifier
- under WD conditionse0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results shoewd under WD conditions foliar spraying of 4 mg L −1 of ZnO-NPs increased the chlorophyll b content (22.85%), carotenoid (9.58%), proline content (18.42%), beta-glycine (13.20%), stomatal conductance (33.53%), gibberellin (GA) (9.09%), cytokinin (CK) (13.07%), catalase enzyme activity (CAT) (7.86%), superoxide dismutase (SOD) (25.56%), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) (5.34%), and root yield (RY) (10.48%) and decreased abscisic acid (ABA) (11.24%), malondialdehyde (MAD) (17.33%), and hydrogen peroxide (17.18%) compared to the control.”
t0“sugar beet”
Claim · model-written summary
Under water deficit, 4 mg L −1 ZnO-NPs decreased malondialdehyde (MAD) by 17.33% versus control.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Treatment
- foliar spraying of 4 mg L −1 of ZnO-NPse0
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde (MAD)e0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 17.33%e0
- Qualifier
- under WD conditionse0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results shoewd under WD conditions foliar spraying of 4 mg L −1 of ZnO-NPs increased the chlorophyll b content (22.85%), carotenoid (9.58%), proline content (18.42%), beta-glycine (13.20%), stomatal conductance (33.53%), gibberellin (GA) (9.09%), cytokinin (CK) (13.07%), catalase enzyme activity (CAT) (7.86%), superoxide dismutase (SOD) (25.56%), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) (5.34%), and root yield (RY) (10.48%) and decreased abscisic acid (ABA) (11.24%), malondialdehyde (MAD) (17.33%), and hydrogen peroxide (17.18%) compared to the control.”
t0“sugar beet”
Claim · model-written summary
Under water deficit, 4 mg L −1 ZnO-NPs decreased hydrogen peroxide by 17.18% versus control.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Treatment
- foliar spraying of 4 mg L −1 of ZnO-NPse0
- Outcome
- hydrogen peroxidee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 17.18%e0
- Qualifier
- under WD conditionse0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results shoewd under WD conditions foliar spraying of 4 mg L −1 of ZnO-NPs increased the chlorophyll b content (22.85%), carotenoid (9.58%), proline content (18.42%), beta-glycine (13.20%), stomatal conductance (33.53%), gibberellin (GA) (9.09%), cytokinin (CK) (13.07%), catalase enzyme activity (CAT) (7.86%), superoxide dismutase (SOD) (25.56%), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) (5.34%), and root yield (RY) (10.48%) and decreased abscisic acid (ABA) (11.24%), malondialdehyde (MAD) (17.33%), and hydrogen peroxide (17.18%) compared to the control.”
t0“sugar beet”
Claim · model-written summary
Under water deficit, chitosan + proline increased chlorophyll a by 37.44% versus control.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Treatment
- chitosan + prolinee0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll ae0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 37.44%e0
- Qualifier
- under WD conditionse0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Among biostimulants treatments, application of chitosan + proline under WD conditions increased the content of chlorophyll a (37.44%), chlorophyll b (16.23%), proline (4.87%), beta-glycine (18.09%), GA (7.00%), auxin (IAA) (35.40%), CK (18.03%), CAT (11.42%), APX (19.6%), and RY (11.46%) compared to control, and decreased the content of ABA (24.16%), MAD (9.03%), and hydrogen peroxide (11.50%).”
t0“sugar beet”
Claim · model-written summary
Under water deficit, chitosan + proline increased chlorophyll b by 16.23% versus control.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Treatment
- chitosan + prolinee0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll be0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 16.23%e0
- Qualifier
- under WD conditionse0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Among biostimulants treatments, application of chitosan + proline under WD conditions increased the content of chlorophyll a (37.44%), chlorophyll b (16.23%), proline (4.87%), beta-glycine (18.09%), GA (7.00%), auxin (IAA) (35.40%), CK (18.03%), CAT (11.42%), APX (19.6%), and RY (11.46%) compared to control, and decreased the content of ABA (24.16%), MAD (9.03%), and hydrogen peroxide (11.50%).”
t0“sugar beet”
Claim · model-written summary
Under water deficit, chitosan + proline increased proline by 4.87% versus control.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Treatment
- chitosan + prolinee0
- Outcome
- prolinee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 4.87%e0
- Qualifier
- under WD conditionse0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Among biostimulants treatments, application of chitosan + proline under WD conditions increased the content of chlorophyll a (37.44%), chlorophyll b (16.23%), proline (4.87%), beta-glycine (18.09%), GA (7.00%), auxin (IAA) (35.40%), CK (18.03%), CAT (11.42%), APX (19.6%), and RY (11.46%) compared to control, and decreased the content of ABA (24.16%), MAD (9.03%), and hydrogen peroxide (11.50%).”
t0“sugar beet”
Claim · model-written summary
Under water deficit, chitosan + proline increased beta-glycine by 18.09% versus control.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Treatment
- chitosan + prolinee0
- Outcome
- beta-glycinee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 18.09%e0
- Qualifier
- under WD conditionse0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Among biostimulants treatments, application of chitosan + proline under WD conditions increased the content of chlorophyll a (37.44%), chlorophyll b (16.23%), proline (4.87%), beta-glycine (18.09%), GA (7.00%), auxin (IAA) (35.40%), CK (18.03%), CAT (11.42%), APX (19.6%), and RY (11.46%) compared to control, and decreased the content of ABA (24.16%), MAD (9.03%), and hydrogen peroxide (11.50%).”
t0“sugar beet”
Claim · model-written summary
Under water deficit, chitosan + proline increased GA by 7.00% versus control.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Treatment
- chitosan + prolinee0
- Outcome
- GAe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 7.00%e0
- Qualifier
- under WD conditionse0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Among biostimulants treatments, application of chitosan + proline under WD conditions increased the content of chlorophyll a (37.44%), chlorophyll b (16.23%), proline (4.87%), beta-glycine (18.09%), GA (7.00%), auxin (IAA) (35.40%), CK (18.03%), CAT (11.42%), APX (19.6%), and RY (11.46%) compared to control, and decreased the content of ABA (24.16%), MAD (9.03%), and hydrogen peroxide (11.50%).”
t0“sugar beet”
Claim · model-written summary
Under water deficit, chitosan + proline increased auxin (IAA) by 35.40% versus control.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarist0
- Treatment
- chitosan + prolinee0
- Outcome
- auxin (IAA)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 35.40%e0
- Qualifier
- under WD conditionse0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Among biostimulants treatments, application of chitosan + proline under WD conditions increased the content of chlorophyll a (37.44%), chlorophyll b (16.23%), proline (4.87%), beta-glycine (18.09%), GA (7.00%), auxin (IAA) (35.40%), CK (18.03%), CAT (11.42%), APX (19.6%), and RY (11.46%) compared to control, and decreased the content of ABA (24.16%), MAD (9.03%), and hydrogen peroxide (11.50%).”
t0“sugar beet”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.