Abstract
To investigate the enzymatic, biochemical, and agronomic response of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) to biofertilisers and zinc nanoparticles under different irrigation regimes, an experiment was conducted at the Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Station of Miandoab, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran.Three irrigation levels: normal, mild stress, and severe water stress, were applied (control -without irrigation) in the main plots, and three fertilisation treatments: seed inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), zinc nano-oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs), and AMF + ZnO NPs, were applied (control -without fertilisers) in the sub-plots in two years.The severe water stress reduced the content of chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoids by 14.53, 8.09, and 22.11 %, respectively, and increased the content of leaf flavonoids and superoxide dismutase (SOD) by 34.17% and 33.14%, respectively, compared to normal irrigation.The AMF + ZnO NPs treatment increased the content of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids, and SOD by 36.76,12.61, 10.36, and 10.18 %, respectively, compared to the control treatment.The highest root yield, sugar yield, and white sugar yield provided the AMF + ZnO NPs treatment under normal irrigation.The highest proline content, total phenolic content (TPC), catalase (CAT) activity, sugar content, and white sugar content were found in sugar beets treated with AMF + ZnO NPs under severe water stress.The AMF + ZnO NPs treatment under normal irrigation and mild water stress and ZnO NPs one under severe water stress increased the white sugar yield by 42.67, 55.69, and 20.11 %, compared to the control treatment.Thus, treating with AMF + ZnO NPs under normal and mild water stress and applying of ZnO NPs under severe water stress can be a solution to increase the economic yield of sugar beet.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Severe water stress reduced chlorophyll a by 14.53%.
- Taxon
- sugar beet
Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgarise1 - Treatment
- severe water stresse0
- Outcome
- content of chlorophyll ae0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 14.53e0
- Comparator
- normal irrigatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The severe water stress reduced the content of chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoids by 14.53, 8.09, and 22.11 %, respectively, and increased the content of leaf flavonoids and superoxide dismutase (SOD) by 34.17% and 33.14%, respectively, compared to normal irrigation.”
e1“sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Severe water stress reduced chlorophyll b by 8.09%.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarise1
- Treatment
- severe water stresse0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll a, be0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 8.09e0
- Comparator
- normal irrigatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The severe water stress reduced the content of chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoids by 14.53, 8.09, and 22.11 %, respectively, and increased the content of leaf flavonoids and superoxide dismutase (SOD) by 34.17% and 33.14%, respectively, compared to normal irrigation.”
e1“sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Severe water stress reduced carotenoids by 22.11%.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarise1
- Treatment
- severe water stresse0
- Outcome
- carotenoidse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 22.11 %e0
- Comparator
- normal irrigatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The severe water stress reduced the content of chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoids by 14.53, 8.09, and 22.11 %, respectively, and increased the content of leaf flavonoids and superoxide dismutase (SOD) by 34.17% and 33.14%, respectively, compared to normal irrigation.”
e1“sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Severe water stress increased leaf flavonoids by 34.17%.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarise1
- Treatment
- severe water stresse0
- Outcome
- content of leaf flavonoidse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 34.17%e0
- Comparator
- normal irrigatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The severe water stress reduced the content of chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoids by 14.53, 8.09, and 22.11 %, respectively, and increased the content of leaf flavonoids and superoxide dismutase (SOD) by 34.17% and 33.14%, respectively, compared to normal irrigation.”
e1“sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Severe water stress increased SOD by 33.14%.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarise1
- Treatment
- severe water stresse0
- Outcome
- superoxide dismutase (SOD)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 33.14%e0
- Comparator
- normal irrigatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The severe water stress reduced the content of chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoids by 14.53, 8.09, and 22.11 %, respectively, and increased the content of leaf flavonoids and superoxide dismutase (SOD) by 34.17% and 33.14%, respectively, compared to normal irrigation.”
e1“sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF plus zinc nanoparticles increased chlorophyll a by 36.76%.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarise1
- Treatment
- AMF + ZnO NPs treatmente0
- Outcome
- content of chlorophyll ae0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 36.76e0
- Comparator
- the control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The AMF + ZnO NPs treatment increased the content of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids, and SOD by 36.76,12.61, 10.36, and 10.18 %, respectively, compared to the control treatment.”
e1“sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF plus zinc nanoparticles increased chlorophyll b by 12.61%.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarise1
- Treatment
- AMF + ZnO NPs treatmente0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll be0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 12.61e0
- Comparator
- the control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The AMF + ZnO NPs treatment increased the content of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids, and SOD by 36.76,12.61, 10.36, and 10.18 %, respectively, compared to the control treatment.”
e1“sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF plus zinc nanoparticles increased carotenoids by 10.36%.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarise1
- Treatment
- AMF + ZnO NPs treatmente0
- Outcome
- carotenoidse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 10.36e0
- Comparator
- the control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The AMF + ZnO NPs treatment increased the content of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids, and SOD by 36.76,12.61, 10.36, and 10.18 %, respectively, compared to the control treatment.”
e1“sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF plus zinc nanoparticles increased SOD by 10.18%.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarise1
- Treatment
- AMF + ZnO NPs treatmente0
- Outcome
- SODe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 10.18 %e0
- Comparator
- the control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The AMF + ZnO NPs treatment increased the content of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids, and SOD by 36.76,12.61, 10.36, and 10.18 %, respectively, compared to the control treatment.”
e1“sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF plus zinc nanoparticles under normal irrigation gave the highest root, sugar and white sugar yields.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarise1
- Treatment
- AMF + ZnO NPs treatmente0
- Outcome
- root yield, sugar yield, and white sugar yielde0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Qualifier
- normal irrigatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest root yield, sugar yield, and white sugar yield provided the AMF + ZnO NPs treatment under normal irrigation.”
e1“sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF plus zinc nanoparticles under severe stress gave the highest proline and phenolic content and catalase activity.
- Taxon
- sugar beetsBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarise0
- Treatment
- AMF + ZnO NPse0
- Outcome
- proline content, total phenolic content (TPC), catalase (CAT) activitye0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Qualifier
- severe water stresse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest proline content, total phenolic content (TPC), catalase (CAT) activity, sugar content, and white sugar content were found in sugar beets treated with AMF + ZnO NPs under severe water stress.”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF plus zinc nanoparticles under severe stress gave the highest sugar and white sugar content.
- Taxon
- sugar beetsBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarise0
- Treatment
- AMF + ZnO NPse0
- Outcome
- sugar content, and white sugar contente0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Qualifier
- severe water stresse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest proline content, total phenolic content (TPC), catalase (CAT) activity, sugar content, and white sugar content were found in sugar beets treated with AMF + ZnO NPs under severe water stress.”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF plus zinc nanoparticles under normal irrigation increased white sugar yield by 42.67%.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarise1
- Treatment
- AMF + ZnO NPs treatmente0
- Outcome
- white sugar yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 42.67e0
- Qualifier
- normal irrigatione0
- Comparator
- the control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The AMF + ZnO NPs treatment under normal irrigation and mild water stress and ZnO NPs one under severe water stress increased the white sugar yield by 42.67, 55.69, and 20.11 %, compared to the control treatment.”
e1“sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF plus zinc nanoparticles under mild stress increased white sugar yield by 55.69%.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarise1
- Treatment
- AMF + ZnO NPs treatmente0
- Outcome
- white sugar yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 55.69e0
- Qualifier
- mild water stresse0
- Comparator
- the control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The AMF + ZnO NPs treatment under normal irrigation and mild water stress and ZnO NPs one under severe water stress increased the white sugar yield by 42.67, 55.69, and 20.11 %, compared to the control treatment.”
e1“sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Zinc nanoparticles under severe stress increased white sugar yield by 20.11%.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarise1
- Treatment
- ZnO NPse0
- Outcome
- white sugar yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 20.11 %e0
- Qualifier
- severe water stresse0
- Comparator
- the control treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The AMF + ZnO NPs treatment under normal irrigation and mild water stress and ZnO NPs one under severe water stress increased the white sugar yield by 42.67, 55.69, and 20.11 %, compared to the control treatment.”
e1“sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend AMF plus zinc nanoparticles under normal or mild stress to improve economic yield.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarise0
- Treatment
- AMF + ZnO NPse0
- Outcome
- increase the economic yielde0
- Qualifier
- normal and mild water stresse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“treating with AMF + ZnO NPs under normal and mild water stress and applying of ZnO NPs under severe water stress can be a solution to increase the economic yield of sugar beet.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend zinc nanoparticles under severe stress to improve economic yield.
- Taxon
- sugar beetBeta vulgaris subsp. vulgarise0
- Treatment
- ZnO NPse0
- Outcome
- increase the economic yielde0
- Qualifier
- severe water stresse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“treating with AMF + ZnO NPs under normal and mild water stress and applying of ZnO NPs under severe water stress can be a solution to increase the economic yield of sugar beet.”
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