Abstract
BACKGROUND: Drought is thought to be a major abiotic stress that dramatically limits tomato growth and production. As signal molecule, melatonin (MT) and carbon monoxide (CO) can enhance plant stress resistance. However, the effect and underlying mechanism of CO involving MT-mediated drought resistance in seedling growth remains unknown. In this study, tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. 'Micro-Tom') seedlings were used to investigate the interaction and mechanism of MT and CO in response to drought stress. RESULTS: The growth of tomato seedlings was inhibited significantly under drought stress. Exogenous MT or CO mitigated the drought-induced impairment in a dose-dependent manner, with the greatest efficiency provided by 100 and 500 µM, respectively. But application of hemoglobin (Hb, a CO scavenger) restrained the positive effects of MT on the growth of tomato seedlings under drought stress. MT and CO treatment promoted chlorophyll a (Chl a) and chlorophyll a (Chl b) accumulations. Under drought stress, the intermediate products of chlorophyll biosynthesis such as protoporphyrin IX (Proto IX), Mg-protoporphyrin IX (Mg-Proto IX), potochlorophyllide (Pchlide) and heme were increased by MT or CO, but uroporphyrinogen III (Uro III) content decreased in MT-treated or CO-treated tomato seedlings. Meanwhile, MT or CO up-regulated the expression of chlorophyll and heme synthetic-related genes SlUROD, SlPPOX, SlMGMT, SlFECH, SlPOR, SlChlS, and SlCAO. However, the effects of MT on chlorophyll biosynthesis were almost reversed by Hb. CONCLUSION: The results suggested that MT and CO can alleviate drought stress and facilitate the synthesis of Chl and heme in tomato seedlings. CO played an essential role in MT-enhanced drought resistance via facilitating chlorophyll biosynthesis pathway.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Drought significantly inhibited tomato seedling growth.
- Taxon
- tomato seedlings
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Treatment
- drought stresse0
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The growth of tomato seedlings was inhibited significantly under drought stress.”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous melatonin mitigated drought impairment most efficiently at 100 µM.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- MTe0
- Outcome
- drought-induced impairmente0
- Direction
- mitigatede0
- Value
- 100e0
- Qualifier
- dose-dependent mannere0
- Comparator
- drought-induced impairmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exogenous MT or CO mitigated the drought-induced impairment in a dose-dependent manner, with the greatest efficiency provided by 100 and 500 µM, respectively.”
t0“tomato seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous carbon monoxide mitigated drought impairment most efficiently at 500 µM.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- COe0
- Outcome
- drought-induced impairmente0
- Direction
- mitigatede0
- Value
- 500 µMe0
- Qualifier
- dose-dependent mannere0
- Comparator
- drought-induced impairmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exogenous MT or CO mitigated the drought-induced impairment in a dose-dependent manner, with the greatest efficiency provided by 100 and 500 µM, respectively.”
t0“tomato seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Hemoglobin restrained the beneficial effect of melatonin on drought-stressed tomato seedling growth.
- Taxon
- tomato seedlingsSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- hemoglobine0
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- restrainede0
- Qualifier
- under drought stresse0
- Comparator
- MTe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of hemoglobin (Hb, a CO scavenger) restrained the positive effects of MT on the growth of tomato seedlings under drought stress.”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin promoted chlorophyll a and b accumulation.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- MTe0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll a (Chl a) and chlorophyll a (Chl b) accumulationse0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MT and CO treatment promoted chlorophyll a (Chl a) and chlorophyll a (Chl b) accumulations.”
t0“tomato seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Carbon monoxide promoted chlorophyll a and b accumulation.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- COe0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll a (Chl a) and chlorophyll a (Chl b) accumulationse0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MT and CO treatment promoted chlorophyll a (Chl a) and chlorophyll a (Chl b) accumulations.”
t0“tomato seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin increased protoporphyrin IX, Mg-protoporphyrin IX, and potochlorophyllide under drought.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- MTe0
- Outcome
- protoporphyrin IX (Proto IX), Mg-protoporphyrin IX (Mg-Proto IX), potochlorophyllide (Pchlide)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- Under drought stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under drought stress, the intermediate products of chlorophyll biosynthesis such as protoporphyrin IX (Proto IX), Mg-protoporphyrin IX (Mg-Proto IX), potochlorophyllide (Pchlide) and heme were increased by MT or CO”
t0“tomato seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Carbon monoxide increased protoporphyrin IX, Mg-protoporphyrin IX, and potochlorophyllide under drought.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- COe0
- Outcome
- protoporphyrin IX (Proto IX), Mg-protoporphyrin IX (Mg-Proto IX), potochlorophyllide (Pchlide)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- Under drought stresse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under drought stress, the intermediate products of chlorophyll biosynthesis such as protoporphyrin IX (Proto IX), Mg-protoporphyrin IX (Mg-Proto IX), potochlorophyllide (Pchlide) and heme were increased by MT or CO”
t0“tomato seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin increased heme under drought.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- MTe0
- Outcome
- hemee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“potochlorophyllide (Pchlide) and heme were increased by MT or CO”
t0“tomato seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Carbon monoxide increased heme under drought.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- COe0
- Outcome
- hemee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“potochlorophyllide (Pchlide) and heme were increased by MT or CO”
t0“tomato seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin decreased uroporphyrinogen III content.
- Taxon
- tomato seedlingsSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- MT-treatede0
- Outcome
- uroporphyrinogen III (Uro III) contente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“uroporphyrinogen III (Uro III) content decreased in MT-treated or CO-treated tomato seedlings.”
Claim · model-written summary
Carbon monoxide decreased uroporphyrinogen III content.
- Taxon
- tomato seedlingsSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- CO-treatede0
- Outcome
- uroporphyrinogen III (Uro III) contente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“uroporphyrinogen III (Uro III) content decreased in MT-treated or CO-treated tomato seedlings.”
Claim · model-written summary
Melatonin upregulated the listed chlorophyll and heme synthesis genes.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- MTe0
- Gene
- SlUROD, SlPPOX, SlMGMT, SlFECH, SlPOR, SlChlS, and SlCAOe0
- Outcome
- expression of chlorophyll and heme synthetic-related genese0
- Direction
- up-regulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MT or CO up-regulated the expression of chlorophyll and heme synthetic-related genes SlUROD, SlPPOX, SlMGMT, SlFECH, SlPOR, SlChlS, and SlCAO.”
t0“tomato seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Carbon monoxide upregulated the listed chlorophyll and heme synthesis genes.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- COe0
- Gene
- SlUROD, SlPPOX, SlMGMT, SlFECH, SlPOR, SlChlS, and SlCAOe0
- Outcome
- expression of chlorophyll and heme synthetic-related genese0
- Direction
- up-regulatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MT or CO up-regulated the expression of chlorophyll and heme synthetic-related genes SlUROD, SlPPOX, SlMGMT, SlFECH, SlPOR, SlChlS, and SlCAO.”
t0“tomato seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Hemoglobin almost reversed the melatonin effect on chlorophyll biosynthesis.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Hbe0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll biosynthesise0
- Direction
- almost reversede0
- Comparator
- MTe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the effects of MT on chlorophyll biosynthesis were almost reversed by Hb.”
t0“tomato seedlings”
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