Impact of nitrogen, sulphur and silicon application on the growth and yield of lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.) in the Cauvery delta zone of Tamil Nadu

Abstract

Enhancing agricultural sustainability demands optimizing fertilizer usage for increased yield. Application of key nutrients like nitrogen, essential for plant vigour, sulphur aiding metabolic processes, and silicon fortifying plant resilience, stand vital. Strategically refining the application of these elements is crucial for augmenting crop output while ensuring ecological balance. So, the field experiment was conducted at the Experimental Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University during Rabi season of the year 2022-2023 to study the effect of nitrogen, sulphur and silicon application on growth and yield of lowland rice. The experiments were laid out in randomized block design (RBD) with three replications. The treatment consisted of 100 % and 125 % nitrogen, 30 and 45 kg sulphur/ha and silicon with different combinations. Half dose of nitrogen and full dose of phosphorus and potassium were applied basally just before transplanting except control treatment. 25 kg N/ha supplied through urea according to Leaf Color Chart (LCC4) reading to the respective treatment plots. Among the different treatments tried, 125% RDN (50% N basal + LCC4 @ 25kg N/ha through Urea) + 45 kg S/ha (Sulphur through Gypsum) + 200 kg Si/ha (Silicon through Diatomaceous Earth) recorded the higher plant height (110.48 cm), LAI (6.74), CGR (9.20 g/m2/day), DMP (13441 kg/ha), number of tillers/m2 (567.18), number of panicles/m2 (406.93), number of filled grains/panicle (133.13), grain yield (6419 kg/ha) and straw yield (7935 kg/ha). The results indicated that, combined use of 125 % nitrogen, 45 kg S/ha, 200 kg Si/ha improved the yield attributes and yield of rice.

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Claims 9

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

The combined N, S and Si treatment gave higher plant height (110.48 cm).

Taxon: lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.)Oryza sativat0
Treatment: 125% RDN (50% N basal + LCC4 @ 25kg N/ha through Urea) + 45 kg S/ha (Sulphur through Gypsum) + 200 kg Si/ha (Silicon through Diatomaceous Earth)e0
Outcome: plant heighte0
Direction: highere0
Value: 110.48 cme0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

*Oryza sativa* · Taxon · picture from its Wikimedia Commons categoryDesmanthus4food · CC BY-SA 3.0 us · Wikimedia Commons ↗

Verbatim

e0
“125% RDN (50% N basal + LCC4 @ 25kg N/ha through Urea) + 45 kg S/ha (Sulphur through Gypsum) + 200 kg Si/ha (Silicon through Diatomaceous Earth) recorded the higher plant height (110.48 cm), LAI (6.74), CGR (9.20 g/m2/day), DMP (13441 kg/ha), number of tillers/m2 (567.18), number of panicles/m2 (406.93), number of filled grains/panicle (133.13), grain yield (6419 kg/ha) and straw yield (7935 kg/ha)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1134–1535 · show in text ↑

t0
“lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 79–109 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

The combined N, S and Si treatment gave higher LAI (6.74).

Taxon: lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.)Oryza sativat0
Treatment: 125% RDN (50% N basal + LCC4 @ 25kg N/ha through Urea) + 45 kg S/ha (Sulphur through Gypsum) + 200 kg Si/ha (Silicon through Diatomaceous Earth)e0
Outcome: LAIe0
Direction: highere0
Value: 6.74e0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e0
“125% RDN (50% N basal + LCC4 @ 25kg N/ha through Urea) + 45 kg S/ha (Sulphur through Gypsum) + 200 kg Si/ha (Silicon through Diatomaceous Earth) recorded the higher plant height (110.48 cm), LAI (6.74), CGR (9.20 g/m2/day), DMP (13441 kg/ha), number of tillers/m2 (567.18), number of panicles/m2 (406.93), number of filled grains/panicle (133.13), grain yield (6419 kg/ha) and straw yield (7935 kg/ha)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1134–1535 · show in text ↑

t0
“lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 79–109 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

The combined N, S and Si treatment gave higher CGR (9.20 g/m2/day).

Taxon: lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.)Oryza sativat0
Treatment: 125% RDN (50% N basal + LCC4 @ 25kg N/ha through Urea) + 45 kg S/ha (Sulphur through Gypsum) + 200 kg Si/ha (Silicon through Diatomaceous Earth)e0
Outcome: CGRe0
Direction: highere0
Value: 9.20 g/m2/daye0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e0
“125% RDN (50% N basal + LCC4 @ 25kg N/ha through Urea) + 45 kg S/ha (Sulphur through Gypsum) + 200 kg Si/ha (Silicon through Diatomaceous Earth) recorded the higher plant height (110.48 cm), LAI (6.74), CGR (9.20 g/m2/day), DMP (13441 kg/ha), number of tillers/m2 (567.18), number of panicles/m2 (406.93), number of filled grains/panicle (133.13), grain yield (6419 kg/ha) and straw yield (7935 kg/ha)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1134–1535 · show in text ↑

t0
“lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 79–109 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

The combined N, S and Si treatment gave higher DMP (13441 kg/ha).

Taxon: lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.)Oryza sativat0
Treatment: 125% RDN (50% N basal + LCC4 @ 25kg N/ha through Urea) + 45 kg S/ha (Sulphur through Gypsum) + 200 kg Si/ha (Silicon through Diatomaceous Earth)e0
Outcome: DMPe0
Direction: highere0
Value: 13441 kg/hae0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e0
“125% RDN (50% N basal + LCC4 @ 25kg N/ha through Urea) + 45 kg S/ha (Sulphur through Gypsum) + 200 kg Si/ha (Silicon through Diatomaceous Earth) recorded the higher plant height (110.48 cm), LAI (6.74), CGR (9.20 g/m2/day), DMP (13441 kg/ha), number of tillers/m2 (567.18), number of panicles/m2 (406.93), number of filled grains/panicle (133.13), grain yield (6419 kg/ha) and straw yield (7935 kg/ha)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1134–1535 · show in text ↑

t0
“lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 79–109 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

The combined N, S and Si treatment gave higher number of tillers/m2 (567.18).

Taxon: lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.)Oryza sativat0
Treatment: 125% RDN (50% N basal + LCC4 @ 25kg N/ha through Urea) + 45 kg S/ha (Sulphur through Gypsum) + 200 kg Si/ha (Silicon through Diatomaceous Earth)e0
Outcome: number of tillers/m2e0
Direction: highere0
Value: 567.18e0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e0
“125% RDN (50% N basal + LCC4 @ 25kg N/ha through Urea) + 45 kg S/ha (Sulphur through Gypsum) + 200 kg Si/ha (Silicon through Diatomaceous Earth) recorded the higher plant height (110.48 cm), LAI (6.74), CGR (9.20 g/m2/day), DMP (13441 kg/ha), number of tillers/m2 (567.18), number of panicles/m2 (406.93), number of filled grains/panicle (133.13), grain yield (6419 kg/ha) and straw yield (7935 kg/ha)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1134–1535 · show in text ↑

t0
“lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 79–109 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

The combined N, S and Si treatment gave higher number of panicles/m2 (406.93).

Taxon: lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.)Oryza sativat0
Treatment: 125% RDN (50% N basal + LCC4 @ 25kg N/ha through Urea) + 45 kg S/ha (Sulphur through Gypsum) + 200 kg Si/ha (Silicon through Diatomaceous Earth)e0
Outcome: number of panicles/m2e0
Direction: highere0
Value: 406.93e0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e0
“125% RDN (50% N basal + LCC4 @ 25kg N/ha through Urea) + 45 kg S/ha (Sulphur through Gypsum) + 200 kg Si/ha (Silicon through Diatomaceous Earth) recorded the higher plant height (110.48 cm), LAI (6.74), CGR (9.20 g/m2/day), DMP (13441 kg/ha), number of tillers/m2 (567.18), number of panicles/m2 (406.93), number of filled grains/panicle (133.13), grain yield (6419 kg/ha) and straw yield (7935 kg/ha)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1134–1535 · show in text ↑

t0
“lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 79–109 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

The combined N, S and Si treatment gave higher number of filled grains/panicle (133.13).

Taxon: lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.)Oryza sativat0
Treatment: 125% RDN (50% N basal + LCC4 @ 25kg N/ha through Urea) + 45 kg S/ha (Sulphur through Gypsum) + 200 kg Si/ha (Silicon through Diatomaceous Earth)e0
Outcome: number of filled grains/paniclee0
Direction: highere0
Value: 133.13e0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e0
“125% RDN (50% N basal + LCC4 @ 25kg N/ha through Urea) + 45 kg S/ha (Sulphur through Gypsum) + 200 kg Si/ha (Silicon through Diatomaceous Earth) recorded the higher plant height (110.48 cm), LAI (6.74), CGR (9.20 g/m2/day), DMP (13441 kg/ha), number of tillers/m2 (567.18), number of panicles/m2 (406.93), number of filled grains/panicle (133.13), grain yield (6419 kg/ha) and straw yield (7935 kg/ha)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1134–1535 · show in text ↑

t0
“lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 79–109 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

The combined N, S and Si treatment gave higher grain yield (6419 kg/ha).

Taxon: lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.)Oryza sativat0
Treatment: 125% RDN (50% N basal + LCC4 @ 25kg N/ha through Urea) + 45 kg S/ha (Sulphur through Gypsum) + 200 kg Si/ha (Silicon through Diatomaceous Earth)e0
Outcome: grain yielde0
Direction: highere0
Value: 6419 kg/hae0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e0
“125% RDN (50% N basal + LCC4 @ 25kg N/ha through Urea) + 45 kg S/ha (Sulphur through Gypsum) + 200 kg Si/ha (Silicon through Diatomaceous Earth) recorded the higher plant height (110.48 cm), LAI (6.74), CGR (9.20 g/m2/day), DMP (13441 kg/ha), number of tillers/m2 (567.18), number of panicles/m2 (406.93), number of filled grains/panicle (133.13), grain yield (6419 kg/ha) and straw yield (7935 kg/ha)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1134–1535 · show in text ↑

t0
“lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 79–109 · show in text ↑

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultpositivemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

The combined N, S and Si treatment gave higher straw yield (7935 kg/ha).

Taxon: lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.)Oryza sativat0
Treatment: 125% RDN (50% N basal + LCC4 @ 25kg N/ha through Urea) + 45 kg S/ha (Sulphur through Gypsum) + 200 kg Si/ha (Silicon through Diatomaceous Earth)e0
Outcome: straw yielde0
Direction: highere0
Value: 7935 kg/hae0

Not reportedComparator

Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.

Verbatim

e0
“125% RDN (50% N basal + LCC4 @ 25kg N/ha through Urea) + 45 kg S/ha (Sulphur through Gypsum) + 200 kg Si/ha (Silicon through Diatomaceous Earth) recorded the higher plant height (110.48 cm), LAI (6.74), CGR (9.20 g/m2/day), DMP (13441 kg/ha), number of tillers/m2 (567.18), number of panicles/m2 (406.93), number of filled grains/panicle (133.13), grain yield (6419 kg/ha) and straw yield (7935 kg/ha)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1134–1535 · show in text ↑

t0
“lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 79–109 · show in text ↑

sulfur atom · yield · Oryza sativa (rice)Results differ

51 papers: 47 positive, 4 negative or no effect

46 papers in the same direction as this paper · 4 in the opposite direction

no effect
Combined nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur deficiencies had no additive synergistic effect on strigolactone production.
Upregulation of DWARF27 is associated with increased strigolactone levels under sulfur deficiency in rice · 2018
Opposite directionAbout lacking this nutrient, so it counts the other way round
negative
In Inceptisol, omission of S reduced rice grain yield by 19.51%.
Assessment of Nutrient Deficiencies in Rice (Oryza sativa) through Nutrient Omission in Vertisol and Inceptisol of Chhattisgarh · 2018
Opposite direction
no effect
Sulphur application at 30 kg/ha did not influence rice-wheat productivity.
Production potential and economic analysis of direct-sown rice (Oryza sativa)- wheat (Triticum aestivum) system as influenced by rice varieties, nutrient management and weed-control measures · 2001
Opposite direction

47 papers more in this group

See all 51 papers →

silicon atom · growth · Oryza sativa (rice)Results differ

171 papers: 157 positive, 14 negative or no effect

156 papers in the same direction as this paper · 14 in the opposite direction

no effect
Si fertilisation did not significantly affect rice shoot dry matter in Grey Vertosol except at the highest rate and pH 5.5.
Silicon nutrition of rice is affected by soil pH, weathering and silicon fertilisation · 2011
Opposite direction
no effect
The authors observed no considerable reduction of rice growth from silicon absence during at least the vegetative stage.
The chemical nature of silicon in rice plant · 1959
Opposite directionAbout lacking this nutrient, so it counts the other way round
no effect
Foliar silicon did not significantly affect rice seedling growth.
Effects of foliar and soil application of sodium silicate on arsenic toxicity and accumulation in rice (Oryza sativaL.) seedlings grown in As-contaminated paddy soils · 2015
Opposite direction

167 papers more in this group

See all 171 papers →

silicon atom · yield · Oryza sativa (rice)Results differ

218 papers: 202 positive, 16 negative or no effect

201 papers in the same direction as this paper · 16 in the opposite direction

no effect
Silicon without fungicides and fungicides at full rate without silicon showed no differences in yield in upland rice.
Effects of Silicon and Fungicides on the Control of Leaf and Neck Blast in Upland Rice · 2004 · compared with fungicides (full rate) without Si
Opposite directionAbout lacking this nutrient, so it counts the other way round
no effect
Silicon application produced no significant yield difference under high silica availability.
Growth and canopy structure of rice plants grown under field conditions as affected by Si application · 2002 · compared with without Si application
Opposite direction
negative
Yield of rice was depressed at the higher Si rate (500 kg ha−1 compared with 250 kg ha−1) with potassium and sodium silicates in sandy-loam soil under W2 irrigation.
Effects of different sources of silicon and irrigation regime on rice yield components and silicon dynamics in the plant and soil · 2020 · compared with 250 kg ha−1
Opposite direction

214 papers more in this group

See all 218 papers →

diatomaceous earth · growth · Oryza sativa (rice)Results agree

2 papers: 2 positive, 0 negative or no effect

1 paper in the same direction as this paper

positive
T11 recorded the highest rice root length and root volume.
The Effects of Organic Manures and Silicon Nutrition on the Productivity of Rice · 2025 · compared with different treatments imposed
Same direction

See all 2 papers →

diatomaceous earth · yield · Oryza sativa (rice)Results agree

8 papers: 8 positive, 0 negative or no effect

7 papers in the same direction as this paper

positive
Diatomaceous earth applications increased rice grain yield under submergence in all three soils.
Diatomaceous earth as source of silicon on the growth and yield of rice in contrasted soils of Southern India · 2018
Same direction
positive
Diatomaceous earth yielded over 45.0q/ha, significantly more than control at 36.66q/ha.
Effect of organic and inorganic silicon amendments against yellow stem borer (Scirpophaga incertulas Walker) and leaf folder (Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenee) of rice in Costal Odisha · 2018 · compared with untreated control
Same direction
positive
Diatomite at 250 kg Si ha-1 with gypsum at 100% GR significantly increased rice yield.
Evaluation of silicon and gypsum amendments on growth and yield of rice in an alkali soil · 2019
Same direction

4 papers more in this group

See all 8 papers →

sulfur atom · growth · Oryza sativa (rice)Results agree

21 papers: 21 positive, 0 negative or no effect

20 papers in the same direction as this paper

positive
Higher sulfur levels increased growth parameters relative to the lower sulfur level.
Sulfur Alleviates Growth Inhibition and Oxidative Stress Caused by Cadmium Toxicity in Rice · 2005 · compared with lower S level (0.2 mmol)
Same direction
positive
Sulfur fertilization significantly increases upland rice growth.
Upland Rice Growth and Mineral Nutrition as Affected by Cultivars and Sulfur Availability · 2012
Same direction
positive
Sulphur application positively affected rice growth parameters.
Effect of sulphur on growth, productivity and economics of aerobic rice (Oryza sativa) · 2014
Same direction

17 papers more in this group

See all 21 papers →

lime · yield · Oryza sativa (rice)Results differ

136 papers: 123 positive, 13 negative or no effect

122 papers in the same direction as this paper · 10 in the opposite direction · 3 reporting no difference from an alternative

negative
Liming Crowley silt loam to pH 7.5 further reduced rice yield.
Influence of soil reaction and applications of zinc on yields and zinc contents of rice plants · 1980
Opposite direction
no effect
Liming did not significantly affect rice yield.
BORON AND LIME EFFECTS ON YIELD AND DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS OF RICE GROWN IN GREENHOUSE ON ACID TYPIC GLOSSAQUALF* · 2002
Opposite direction
negative
Without gypsum rice had lower grain yield than gypsum-treated rice.
Interactions between applications of gypsum and zinc sulphate on the yield and chemical composition of rice grown on an alkali soil · 1987 · compared with gypsum-treated plots
Opposite direction

132 papers more in this group

See all 136 papers →

lime · growth · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results

28 papers: 25 positive, 3 negative or no effect

24 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction

no effect
Under continuous flooding, liming gave no response in rice dry matter.
Effect of Lime and Flooding on Phosphorus Availability and Rice Growth on Two Acidic Lowland Soils · 2006
Opposite direction
no effect
Gypsum did not affect rice plant height.
Gypsum and phosphorus in the development of upland rice under a no-tillage system · 2014
Opposite direction
negative
The listed algaecides other than dichlone decreased rice root number compared with no chemical.
Studies on Algae Control in Wetted Nursery of Rice · 1976 · compared with no chemical
Opposite direction

24 papers more in this group

See all 28 papers →

8 of 10 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.

Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.

Abstract

Claims 9

The same questions in other papers

sulfur atom · yield · Oryza sativa (rice)Results differ

silicon atom · growth · Oryza sativa (rice)Results differ

silicon atom · yield · Oryza sativa (rice)Results differ

diatomaceous earth · growth · Oryza sativa (rice)Results agree

diatomaceous earth · yield · Oryza sativa (rice)Results agree

sulfur atom · growth · Oryza sativa (rice)Results agree

lime · yield · Oryza sativa (rice)Results differ

lime · growth · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results