Abstract
Smoke–water, a smoke-saturated solution derived from the smoke generated by burning plant materials, promotes seed germination and growth of various plant species. There are many reported studies where seeds are treated and soils are drenched with smoke–water to explore the beneficial effects of smoke. However, little information is available on the influence of foliar spraying of smoke–water on the seedlings of commercial vegetable crops for better growth prospects. This study, therefore, investigated the effects of standardized smoke–water (1:2500 v/v) foliar application on the seedling growth of radish ( Raphanus sativus L.), spinach ( Spinacia oleracea L.) and turnip ( Brassica rapa L.), and determined the mineral elemental composition of leaves. Smoke–water foliar treatment significantly enhanced the length and weight of seedlings compared to the seedlings sprayed with water (control). Mineral elements, potassium and zinc, were increased notably in the leaves of all smoke–water foliar-treated seedlings. This can be attributed to increased photosynthetic activity that resulted in longer and heavier seedlings. The results of the present study provide an opportunity to incorporate the use of smoke–water for raising vigorous and healthier vegetable seedlings for better yield. Moreover, it can minimize the input of conventional chemical sprays that are detrimental to the environment.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar smoke–water significantly increased radish seedling length and weight relative to water spray.
- Taxon
- radish
Raphanus sativust0 - Treatment
- Smoke–water foliar treatmente0
- Outcome
- length and weight of seedlingse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Comparator
- seedlings sprayed with water (control)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Smoke–water foliar treatment significantly enhanced the length and weight of seedlings compared to the seedlings sprayed with water (control).”
t0“radish”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar smoke–water significantly increased spinach seedling length and weight relative to water spray.
- Taxon
- spinach
Spinacia oleraceat0 - Treatment
- Smoke–water foliar treatmente0
- Outcome
- length and weight of seedlingse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Comparator
- seedlings sprayed with water (control)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Smoke–water foliar treatment significantly enhanced the length and weight of seedlings compared to the seedlings sprayed with water (control).”
t0“spinach”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar smoke–water significantly increased turnip seedling length and weight relative to water spray.
- Taxon
- turnip
.jpg?width=60)
Brassica rapa subsp. rapat0 - Treatment
- Smoke–water foliar treatmente0
- Outcome
- length and weight of seedlingse0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Comparator
- seedlings sprayed with water (control)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Smoke–water foliar treatment significantly enhanced the length and weight of seedlings compared to the seedlings sprayed with water (control).”
t0“turnip”
Claim · model-written summary
Smoke–water increased leaf potassium and zinc in radish seedlings.
- Taxon
- radishRaphanus sativust0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- smoke–water foliar-treatede0
- Outcome
- potassium and zince0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mineral elements, potassium and zinc, were increased notably in the leaves of all smoke–water foliar-treated seedlings.”
t0“radish”
Claim · model-written summary
Smoke–water increased leaf potassium and zinc in spinach seedlings.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- smoke–water foliar-treatede0
- Outcome
- potassium and zince0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mineral elements, potassium and zinc, were increased notably in the leaves of all smoke–water foliar-treated seedlings.”
t0“spinach”
Claim · model-written summary
Smoke–water increased leaf potassium and zinc in turnip seedlings.
- Taxon
- turnipBrassica rapa subsp. rapat0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- smoke–water foliar-treatede0
- Outcome
- potassium and zince0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mineral elements, potassium and zinc, were increased notably in the leaves of all smoke–water foliar-treated seedlings.”
t0“turnip”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose using smoke–water to raise vigorous vegetable seedlings for better yield.
Verbatim
e0“The results of the present study provide an opportunity to incorporate the use of smoke–water for raising vigorous and healthier vegetable seedlings for better yield.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest smoke–water use can reduce conventional chemical spray input.
Verbatim
e0“Moreover, it can minimize the input of conventional chemical sprays that are detrimental to the environment.”
t0“vegetable seedlings for better yield”
The same questions in other papers
application · nutrient: content · Spinacia oleracea (spinach)Positive and negative results
13 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- positive
12 papers more in this group
See all 16 papers →application · nutrient: content · Raphanus sativus (radish)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
application · nutrient: content · Brassica rapa (field mustard)Results agree
19 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
16 papers more in this group
See all 20 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.