Abstract
to explore its effects on the saline-alkali tolerance of cotton. Our results showed that salt stress noticeably decreased cotton seedling growth parameters (such as plant height, number of leaves, dry weight, root system architecture, etc.), while AMF exhibited a remarkable effect on promoting growth. It was noteworthy that AMF significantly mitigated the inhibitory effect of salt on cotton seedlings. However, AMF colonization in root and soil hyphal length were collectively descended via salt stress. With regard to osmotic regulating substances, Pro and MDA values in roots were significantly increased when seedlings were exposed to salt stress, while AMF only partially mitigated these reactions. Salt stress increased ROS levels in the roots of cotton seedlings and enhanced antioxidant enzyme activity (SOD, POD, and CAT), while AMF mitigated the increases in ROS levels but further strengthened antioxidant enzyme activity. AMF inoculation increased the photosynthesis parameters of cotton seedling leaves to varying degrees, while salt stress decreased them dramatically. When inoculated with AMF under a salt stress environment, only partial mitigation of these photosynthesis values was observed. Under saline-alkali stress, AMF improved the leaf fluorescence parameters (φPSII, Fv'/Fm', and qP) of cotton seedlings, leaf chlorophyll levels, and root endogenous hormones (IAA and BR); promoted the absorption of water; and maintained nitrogen balance, thus alleviating the damage from salt stress on the growth of cotton plants to some extent. In summary, mycorrhizal cotton seedlings may exhibit mechanisms involving root system architecture, the antioxidant system, photosynthesis, leaf fluorescence, endogenous hormones, water content, and nitrogen balance that increase their resistance to saline-alkali environments. This study provide a theoretical basis for further exploring the application of AMF to enhance the salt tolerance of cotton.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress reduced cotton seedling growth parameters.
- Taxon
- cotton
Gossypium hirsutume0 - Treatment
- salt stresse0
- Outcome
- cotton seedling growth parameterse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“salt stress noticeably decreased cotton seedling growth parameters (such as plant height, number of leaves, dry weight, root system architecture, etc.)”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF promoted cotton seedling growth and mitigated the inhibitory effect of salt.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- AMFe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- promotinge0
- Comparator
- salte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AMF exhibited a remarkable effect on promoting growth. It was noteworthy that AMF significantly mitigated the inhibitory effect of salt on cotton seedlings.”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress decreased AMF root colonization and soil hyphal length.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- salt stresse0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- AMF colonization in root and soil hyphal lengthe0
- Direction
- descendede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AMF colonization in root and soil hyphal length were collectively descended via salt stress.”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress increased root Pro and MDA values.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- salt stresse0
- Outcome
- Pro and MDA values in rootse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pro and MDA values in roots were significantly increased when seedlings were exposed to salt stress”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF partially mitigated salt induced root Pro and MDA responses.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- AMFe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- Pro and MDA values in rootse1
- Direction
- mitigatede0
- Comparator
- salt stresse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“while AMF only partially mitigated these reactions.”
e1“Pro and MDA values in roots were significantly increased when seedlings were exposed to salt stress”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress increased root ROS levels and antioxidant enzyme activity.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- Salt stresse0
- Outcome
- ROS levels in the roots of cotton seedlings and enhanced antioxidant enzyme activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Salt stress increased ROS levels in the roots of cotton seedlings and enhanced antioxidant enzyme activity (SOD, POD, and CAT)”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF mitigated the increase in root ROS levels.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- AMFe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- ROS levelse0
- Direction
- mitigatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AMF mitigated the increases in ROS levels”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF further strengthened antioxidant enzyme activity.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- AMFe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- antioxidant enzyme activitye0
- Direction
- strengthenede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AMF mitigated the increases in ROS levels but further strengthened antioxidant enzyme activity.”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF inoculation increased cotton leaf photosynthesis parameters.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- AMF inoculatione0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- photosynthesis parameterse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AMF inoculation increased the photosynthesis parameters of cotton seedling leaves to varying degrees”
Claim · model-written summary
Salt stress dramatically decreased cotton leaf photosynthesis parameters.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- salt stresse0
- Outcome
- photosynthesis parameterse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AMF inoculation increased the photosynthesis parameters of cotton seedling leaves to varying degrees, while salt stress decreased them dramatically.”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF only partially mitigated photosynthesis losses under salt stress.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- inoculated with AMFe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- photosynthesis valuese0
- Direction
- mitigatione0
- Comparator
- salt stress environmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When inoculated with AMF under a salt stress environment, only partial mitigation of these photosynthesis values was observed.”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Under saline-alkali stress, AMF improved leaf fluorescence parameters and chlorophyll levels.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- AMFe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- leaf fluorescence parameters (φPSII, Fv'/Fm', and qP) of cotton seedlings, leaf chlorophyll levelse0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under saline-alkali stress, AMF improved the leaf fluorescence parameters (φPSII, Fv'/Fm', and qP) of cotton seedlings, leaf chlorophyll levels”
Claim · model-written summary
Under saline-alkali stress, AMF improved root IAA and BR hormones.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- AMFe0
- Interactor
- AMFe0symbiont
- Outcome
- root endogenous hormones (IAA and BR)e0
- Direction
- improvede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under saline-alkali stress, AMF improved the leaf fluorescence parameters (φPSII, Fv'/Fm', and qP) of cotton seedlings, leaf chlorophyll levels, and root endogenous hormones (IAA and BR)”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF promoted water absorption under saline-alkali stress.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume1
- Treatment
- AMFe1
- Interactor
- AMFe1symbiont
- Outcome
- absorption of watere0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“promoted the absorption of water”
e1“Under saline-alkali stress, AMF improved the leaf fluorescence parameters (φPSII, Fv'/Fm', and qP) of cotton seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
AMF maintained nitrogen balance under saline-alkali stress.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume1
- Treatment
- AMFe1
- Interactor
- AMFe1symbiont
- Outcome
- nitrogen balancee0
- Direction
- maintainede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maintained nitrogen balance”
e1“Under saline-alkali stress, AMF improved the leaf fluorescence parameters (φPSII, Fv'/Fm', and qP) of cotton seedlings”
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8 of 12 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.