Abstract
Isolates of Rhizoctonia solani (AG-3 PT, AG-4 HG-I, AG-4 HG-II) and one binucleate Rhizoctonia sp. (BNR) belonging to AG-Bb were investigated for pathogenicity on tomato cultivar Mobil. The BNR isolate revealed the lowest virulence and it was used as biocontrol agent against R. solani AG-4 HG-II, which showed the highest virulence on tomato. Inoculation of tomato plants with the hypovirulent BNR isolate reduced the disease symptoms of R. solani and induced resistance. Resistance induction was observed not only on the plants simultaneously inoculated with BNR and R. solani , but also when the plants were inoculated by the BNR and R. solani with time intervals. The peroxidase (POX), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities and expression levels of the corresponding genes in tomato plants increased after R. solani or BNR inoculation. The highest level of antioxidant activities and expression of their genes, lignin and callose formation were observed in the plants inoculated with the BNR and R. solani , simultaneously. The BNR inoculation reduced H 2 O 2 accumulation. The highest level of priming was observed for the POX among other antioxidants tested via application of the BNR. Treatment with potassium cyanide (as a POX inhibitor) reduced basal resistance and BNR-induced resistance (BNR-IR) via reduction of lignification and callose deposition in tomato plants. These findings demonstrated the role of antioxidant enzymes, mainly the POX, in both basal resistance and BNR-IR. Therefore, redox state and antioxidants are involved in cell wall strengthening via lignin and callose formation, as important defense components which decrease the pathogen progress in plant tissues.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
The BNR isolate showed the lowest virulence on tomato among the tested isolates.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Interactor
- BNRe1pathogen
- Outcome
- virulencee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e1“The BNR isolate revealed the lowest virulence”
Claim · model-written summary
R. solani AG-4 HG-II showed the highest virulence on tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Interactor
- R. solani AG-4 HG-II
Rhizoctonia solanie2pathogen - Outcome
- virulencee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e2“R. solani AG-4 HG-II, which showed the highest virulence on tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation of tomato plants with the hypovirulent BNR isolate reduced R. solani disease symptoms.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume3
- Treatment
- Inoculation of tomato plants with the hypovirulent BNR isolatee3
- Interactor
- R. solaniRhizoctonia solanie3pathogen
- Outcome
- disease symptomse3
- Direction
- reducede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Inoculation of tomato plants with the hypovirulent BNR isolate reduced the disease symptoms of R. solani”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation of tomato plants with the hypovirulent BNR isolate induced resistance against R. solani.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume4
- Treatment
- Inoculation of tomato plants with the hypovirulent BNR isolatee4
- Interactor
- R. solaniRhizoctonia solanie4pathogen
- Outcome
- resistancee4
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Inoculation of tomato plants with the hypovirulent BNR isolate reduced the disease symptoms of R. solani and induced resistance”
Claim · model-written summary
Resistance was induced in tomato plants simultaneously inoculated with BNR and R. solani.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- simultaneously inoculated with BNR and R. solanie5
- Interactor
- R. solaniRhizoctonia solanie5pathogen
- Outcome
- Resistance inductione5
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e5“Resistance induction was observed not only on the plants simultaneously inoculated with BNR and R. solani”
Claim · model-written summary
Resistance was induced in tomato plants inoculated with BNR and R. solani at time intervals.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- inoculated by the BNR and R. solani with time intervalse6
- Interactor
- R. solaniRhizoctonia solanie6pathogen
- Outcome
- Resistance inductione5
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e5“Resistance induction was observed not only on the plants simultaneously inoculated with BNR and R. solani”
e6“but also when the plants were inoculated by the BNR and R. solani with time intervals”
Claim · model-written summary
Activities of POX, SOD and CAT and expression of their genes increased in tomato plants after R. solani or BNR inoculation.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume7
- Treatment
- R. solani or BNR inoculatione7
- Interactor
- R. solaniRhizoctonia solanie7pathogen
- Second interactor
- BNRe7biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- peroxidase (POX), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities and expression levels of the corresponding genese7
- Direction
- increasede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“The peroxidase (POX), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities and expression levels of the corresponding genes in tomato plants increased after R. solani or BNR inoculation”
Claim · model-written summary
Antioxidant activities and their gene expression, and lignin and callose formation, were highest in tomato plants inoculated simultaneously with BNR and R. solani.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- inoculated with the BNR and R. solani , simultaneouslye1
- Interactor
- R. solaniRhizoctonia solanie1pathogen
- Second interactor
- BNRe1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- antioxidant activities and expression of their genes, lignin and callose formatione1
- Direction
- higheste1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e1“The highest level of antioxidant activities and expression of their genes, lignin and callose formation were observed in the plants inoculated with the BNR and R. solani , simultaneously”
Claim · model-written summary
BNR inoculation reduced H2O2 accumulation in tomato plants.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- BNR inoculatione1
- Interactor
- BNRe1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- H 2 O 2 accumulatione1
- Direction
- reducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e1“The BNR inoculation reduced H 2 O 2 accumulation”
Claim · model-written summary
Priming was highest for POX among the antioxidants tested after BNR application in tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- application of the BNRe1
- Interactor
- BNRe1biocontrol_agent
- Gene
- POXe1
- Outcome
- priminge1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Comparator
- other antioxidants testede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e1“The highest level of priming was observed for the POX among other antioxidants tested via application of the BNR”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium cyanide, a POX inhibitor, reduced basal resistance and BNR-induced resistance in tomato plants.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- Treatment with potassium cyanide (as a POX inhibitor)e1
- Interactor
- BNRe1biocontrol_agent
- Gene
- POXe1
- Compound
- potassium cyanidee1
- Outcome
- basal resistance and BNR-induced resistance (BNR-IR)e1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Qualifier
- via reduction of lignification and callose depositione1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Treatment with potassium cyanide (as a POX inhibitor) reduced basal resistance and BNR-induced resistance (BNR-IR) via reduction of lignification and callose deposition in tomato plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Antioxidant enzymes, mainly POX, are concluded to underlie basal resistance and BNR-induced resistance in tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- basal resistance and BNR-IRe1
- Qualifier
- role of antioxidant enzymes, mainly the POXe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e1“These findings demonstrated the role of antioxidant enzymes, mainly the POX, in both basal resistance and BNR-IR”
Claim · model-written summary
Redox state and antioxidants are involved in cell wall strengthening via lignin and callose formation in tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- cell wall strengtheninge1
- Qualifier
- redox state and antioxidantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e1“redox state and antioxidants are involved in cell wall strengthening via lignin and callose formation”
Claim · model-written summary
Antioxidants act as defense components that decrease pathogen progress in plant tissues.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- pathogen progress in plant tissuese1
- Direction
- decreasee1
- Qualifier
- important defense componentse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“tomato”
e1“as important defense components which decrease the pathogen progress in plant tissues”
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