Abstract
Abstract Introduction Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are essential nutrients for plant growth, commonly supplied through costly inorganic amendments. However, despite the benefits of nutrient mineralisation, there is limited quantitative information on its monetary value, and the extent of associated potential financial relief to smallholder farmers, particularly in western Kenya region. Materials and Methods This study used in situ resin core method to explore the extent of N and P nutrient mineralisation and monetary equivalents under select integrated soil fertility management (ISFM) practices in two long‐term (17 years) trials namely Conservation Tillage (CT1) and Integrated Nutrient Management (INM3). Results FYM addition increased various soil chemical parameters while sole fertiliser (NPK) reduced soil pH and soil organic carbon (SOC). Phosphorus application was associated with increased P availabillity and its monetary value within the first month (0.29 kg P ha −1 ; USD 1.13 ha −1 ) and second month (1.22 kg P ha −1 ; USD 4.76 ha −1 ) of incubation. The quantities of N mineralised, and their monetary equivalents varied with fertiliser application and incubation times. Nitrogen fertilisation depressed P mineralisation and monetary benefits. FYM application increased P mineralisation and its monetary value within 30 (0.78 kg ha −1 ; ~USD 3.02 ha −1 ) and 60 (1.22 kg ha −1 ; ~USD 4.76) days of incubation. Residue application increased mineralised N (17.48 kg ha −1 ; ~USD 22.79 ha −1 ) after 60 days. Maize and soybean intercropping increased N mineralisation (45.81 kg N ha −1 ) and monetary value (USD 59.76 ha −1 ). SOC and other soil variables, their stoichiometry ratios and N mineralisation were significantly correlated. Combined NPK and FYM application significantly ( p ≤ 0.05) increased maize yields and grain prices. Conclusion These findings reflect potential nutrient‐based economic advantages of ISFM practices to resource‐limited smallholder farmers. Combined application of NPK fertiliser and FYM is integral in not only optimising crop yields, but also driving key soil health‐related parameters and economic benefits.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
FYM increased several soil chemical parameters.
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“FYM addition increased various soil chemical parameters”
e1“maize yields and grain prices”
Claim · model-written summary
Sole NPK reduced soil pH and soil organic carbon.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“sole fertiliser (NPK) reduced soil pH and soil organic carbon (SOC)”
e1“maize yields and grain prices”
Claim · model-written summary
P application increased available P by 0.29 kg P ha −1 in month one.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Phosphorus application was associated with increased P availabillity and its monetary value within the first month (0.29 kg P ha −1 ; USD 1.13 ha −1 )”
e1“maize yields and grain prices”
Claim · model-written summary
P application increased the P monetary value to USD 1.13 ha −1 in month one.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Phosphorus application was associated with increased P availabillity and its monetary value within the first month (0.29 kg P ha −1 ; USD 1.13 ha −1 )”
e1“maize yields and grain prices”
Claim · model-written summary
P application increased available P by 1.22 kg P ha −1 in month two.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Phosphorus application was associated with increased P availabillity and its monetary value within the first month (0.29 kg P ha −1 ; USD 1.13 ha −1 ) and second month (1.22 kg P ha −1 ; USD 4.76 ha −1 )”
e1“maize yields and grain prices”
Claim · model-written summary
P application increased P monetary value to USD 4.76 ha −1 in month two.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Phosphorus application was associated with increased P availabillity and its monetary value within the first month (0.29 kg P ha −1 ; USD 1.13 ha −1 ) and second month (1.22 kg P ha −1 ; USD 4.76 ha −1 )”
e1“maize yields and grain prices”
Claim · model-written summary
N mineralization and monetary equivalents varied by fertilizer and incubation time.
- Treatment
- fertiliser applicatione0
- Outcome
- quantities of N mineralised, and their monetary equivalentse0
- Direction
- variede0
- Qualifier
- incubation timese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The quantities of N mineralised, and their monetary equivalents varied with fertiliser application and incubation times”
e1“maize yields and grain prices”
Claim · model-written summary
N fertilization depressed P mineralization.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nitrogen fertilisation depressed P mineralisation and monetary benefits”
e1“maize yields and grain prices”
Claim · model-written summary
N fertilization depressed monetary benefits.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Nitrogen fertilisation depressed P mineralisation and monetary benefits”
e1“maize yields and grain prices”
Claim · model-written summary
FYM raised P mineralization after 30 days to 0.78 kg ha −1.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“FYM application increased P mineralisation and its monetary value within 30 (0.78 kg ha −1 ; ~USD 3.02 ha −1 )”
e1“maize yields and grain prices”
Claim · model-written summary
FYM raised P monetary value after 30 days to ~USD 3.02 ha −1.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“FYM application increased P mineralisation and its monetary value within 30 (0.78 kg ha −1 ; ~USD 3.02 ha −1 )”
e1“maize yields and grain prices”
Claim · model-written summary
FYM raised P mineralization after 60 days to 1.22 kg ha −1.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“FYM application increased P mineralisation and its monetary value within 30 (0.78 kg ha −1 ; ~USD 3.02 ha −1 ) and 60 (1.22 kg ha −1 ; ~USD 4.76) days of incubation”
e1“maize yields and grain prices”
Claim · model-written summary
FYM raised P monetary value after 60 days to ~USD 4.76.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“FYM application increased P mineralisation and its monetary value within 30 (0.78 kg ha −1 ; ~USD 3.02 ha −1 ) and 60 (1.22 kg ha −1 ; ~USD 4.76) days of incubation”
e1“maize yields and grain prices”
Claim · model-written summary
Residue application increased mineralized N after 60 days to 17.48 kg ha −1.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Residue application increased mineralised N (17.48 kg ha −1 ; ~USD 22.79 ha −1 ) after 60 days”
e1“maize yields and grain prices”
Claim · model-written summary
Residue application increased N monetary value after 60 days to ~USD 22.79 ha −1.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Residue application increased mineralised N (17.48 kg ha −1 ; ~USD 22.79 ha −1 ) after 60 days”
e1“maize yields and grain prices”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize–soybean intercropping increased N mineralization to 45.81 kg N ha −1.
- Treatment
- Maize and soybean intercroppinge0
- Outcome
- N mineralisatione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 45.81 kg N ha −1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maize and soybean intercropping increased N mineralisation (45.81 kg N ha −1 )”
e1“maize yields and grain prices”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize–soybean intercropping increased N monetary value to USD 59.76 ha −1.
- Treatment
- Maize and soybean intercroppinge0
- Outcome
- monetary valuee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- USD 59.76 ha −1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maize and soybean intercropping increased N mineralisation (45.81 kg N ha −1 ) and monetary value (USD 59.76 ha −1 )”
Claim · model-written summary
SOC, other soil variables and stoichiometric ratios correlated significantly with N mineralization.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SOC and other soil variables, their stoichiometry ratios and N mineralisation were significantly correlated”
e1“maize yields and grain prices”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined NPK and FYM significantly increased maize yields.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Combined NPK and FYM application significantly ( p ≤ 0.05) increased maize yields and grain prices”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined NPK and FYM significantly increased grain prices.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Combined NPK and FYM application significantly ( p ≤ 0.05) increased maize yields and grain prices”
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