Abstract
Defensin is an essential component of plant development, and it plays an indispensable role in pathogen resistance. However, the molecular function of defensins under pathological conditions of Cytospora canker has not been characterized in apple plants. In the present study, we present a detail overview of phylogeny and structure of 29 defensins (MdDEF) in apple. Expression analysis revealed that MdDEF genes was spatiotemporally diverse across apple tissues. Five MdDEF genes were found to be significantly up-regulated following a challenge with Cytospora mali. The transgenic overexpression of five defensin genes in apple calli markedly enhanced resistance to C. mali. Among them, MdDEF30 was strongly induced and conferred the highest level of resistance in vivo. Meanwhile, antifungal activity assays in vitro demonstrated that a recombinant protein produced from MdDEF30 could inhibit the growth of C. mali. Notably, MdDEF30 promoted the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and activated defense-related genes such as PR4, PR10, CML13 and MPK3. Co-expression regulatory network analysis showed that MdWRKY75 may regulate the expression of MdDEF30. Further yeast one-hybrid (Y1H), luciferase, and chromatin Immunoprecipitation quantitative polymerase chain reaction (ChIP-qPCR) assays verified that MdWRKY75 could directly bind to the promoter of MdDEF30. Importantly, pathogen inoculation assays confirmed that MdWRKY75 positively regulates resistance by transcriptionally activating MdDEF30. Taken together, these results demonstrated that MdDEF30 promotes resistance to C. mali in apple plants and that MdWRKY75 regulates MdDEF30 expression during the induction of resistance, thereby clarifying biochemical mechanisms of resistance to C. mali in apple trees.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by-nc-nd. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Twenty-nine apple defensins were characterized for phylogeny and structure.
- Taxon
- apple
Malus domesticae0 - Gene
- MdDEFe0
- Outcome
- phylogeny and structuree0
- Value
- 29 defensinse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“phylogeny and structure of 29 defensins (MdDEF) in apple”
Claim · model-written summary
MdDEF expression differed across apple tissues and time.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Organ / stage
- tissuese0
- Gene
- MdDEFe0
- Outcome
- spatiotemporally diversee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MdDEF genes was spatiotemporally diverse across apple tissues”
Claim · model-written summary
Five MdDEF genes were significantly up-regulated after Cytospora mali challenge.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- a challenge with Cytospora malie0
- Interactor
- Cytospora maliCytospora malie0pathogen
- Gene
- MdDEFe0
- Outcome
- MdDEF genese0
- Direction
- up-regulatede0
- Value
- Fivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Five MdDEF genes were found to be significantly up-regulated following a challenge with Cytospora mali”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Overexpression of five defensin genes enhanced resistance to C. mali in apple calli.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae0
- Organ / stage
- callie0
- Treatment
- transgenic overexpression of five defensin genese0
- Interactor
- C. maliCytospora malie0pathogen
- Gene
- defensin genese0
- Outcome
- resistance to C. malie0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The transgenic overexpression of five defensin genes in apple calli markedly enhanced resistance to C. mali”
Claim · model-written summary
MdDEF30 was strongly induced and provided the highest resistance in vivo.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Gene
- MdDEF30e0
- Outcome
- highest level of resistancee0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Setting
- in vivoe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MdDEF30 was strongly induced and conferred the highest level of resistance in vivo”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Recombinant MdDEF30 inhibited C. mali growth in vitro.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Interactor
- C. maliCytospora malie0pathogen
- Gene
- MdDEF30e0
- Outcome
- growth of C. malie0
- Direction
- inhibite0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a recombinant protein produced from MdDEF30 could inhibit the growth of C. mali”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
MdDEF30 promoted reactive oxygen species accumulation.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Gene
- MdDEF30e0
- Outcome
- accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS)e0
- Direction
- promotede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MdDEF30 promoted the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS)”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
MdDEF30 activated PR4, PR10, CML13 and MPK3 defense genes.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Gene
- MdDEF30e1
- Outcome
- defense-related genese0
- Direction
- activatede0
- Qualifier
- PR4, PR10, CML13 and MPK3e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“activated defense-related genes such as PR4, PR10, CML13 and MPK3”
e1“MdDEF30 promoted the accumulation”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
MdWRKY75 directly bound the MdDEF30 promoter.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Gene
- MdWRKY75e0
- Outcome
- bind to the promoter of MdDEF30e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MdWRKY75 could directly bind to the promoter of MdDEF30”
t0“apple”
Claim · model-written summary
MdWRKY75 positively regulated resistance by activating MdDEF30 transcription.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticat0
- Gene
- MdWRKY75e0
- Outcome
- resistancee0
- Direction
- positively regulatese0
- Qualifier
- transcriptionally activating MdDEF30e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MdWRKY75 positively regulates resistance by transcriptionally activating MdDEF30”
t0“apple”
The same questions in other papers
Cytospora mali · molecular: expression · Malus domestica (apple)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
infection · molecular: expression · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
8 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- negative
8 papers more in this group
See all 12 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.