Abstract
In this study, the effects of light and dark conditions on the expression of candidate clock genes ( SoLHY , SoPRR5 , and SoTOC1 ), photoreceptor genes ( SoPHYA , SoPHYB , and SoZTL ), ascorbic acid (AsA) synthesis genes ( SoVTC2 and SoGLDH ), an AsA degradation gene ( SoAPX ), an AsA regeneration gene ( SoMDHAR ), and AsA content of spinach during the pre- and postharvest periods were investigated. The AsA content decreased under constant dark storage, whereas the AsA content was efficiently maintained under a light/dark cycle. Gene expression with rhythmic signals confirmed by the JTK_CYCLE method (P ≤ 0.05) was used for the analysis of partial correlation coefficients. Strong correlations between SoLHY and SoVTC2 were observed under all investigated conditions. AsA synthesis regulation via the clock gene LHY was stable and likely not altered by harvesting stress and/or external light stimuli. After harvesting, SoPRR5 was negatively correlated with SoVTC2. This finding suggested that a reduction in the SoPRR5 expression level might be an alternative way to induce/maintain AsA content during storage. Additionally, the expression of the photoreceptor genes SoPHYA and SoZTL was moderately correlated with that of SoVTC2 during cultivation. Surprisingly, these correlations were not observed during storage even in the presence of light. Instead, SoPHYA expression was correlated with that of another AsA synthesis gene, SoGLDH, under light/dark storage. Moreover, under constant dark storage, SoZTL expression showed a strong correlation with SoVTC2 . The considerable variation in the relationship between the expression levels of AsA-related genes and photoreceptor genes during cultivation and storage indicates the contribution of light regulators to maintaining AsA rhythm in spinach. In summary, this study is the first to suggest possible crosslinking of external signals (light/dark), photoreceptor genes, clock genes, and AsA metabolism genes, which are related to changes in the quality of spinach during the pre- and postharvest periods. • Circadian clock and photoreceptors are involved in AsA metabolism in spinach. • Harvesting practices and storage conditions altered the rhythmicity of gene expression in spinach. • The SoLHY clock gene was strongly correlated with SoVTC2 before and after spinach harvest. • The SoPRR5 clock gene was negatively correlated with AsA synthesis after harvesting. • Harvesting practices influenced the relationship between photoreceptors and AsA synthesis genes.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
AsA content of spinach decreased under constant dark storage compared with a light/dark cycle.
- Taxon
- spinach
Spinacia oleraceat0 - Treatment
- constant dark storagee1
- Outcome
- AsA contente1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Comparator
- light/dark cyclee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“ascorbic acid metabolism in spinach”
e1“The AsA content decreased under constant dark storage, whereas the AsA content was efficiently maintained under a light/dark cycle”
Claim · model-written summary
SoLHY and SoVTC2 expression were strongly correlated in spinach under all investigated conditions.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Gene
- SoLHYe2
- Outcome
- correlations between SoLHY and SoVTC2e2
- Qualifier
- under all investigated conditionse2
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“ascorbic acid metabolism in spinach”
e2“Strong correlations between SoLHY and SoVTC2 were observed under all investigated conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
After harvesting, SoPRR5 was negatively correlated with SoVTC2 in spinach.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- After harvestinge3
- Gene
- SoPRR5e3
- Outcome
- correlated with SoVTC2e3
- Direction
- negativelye3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“ascorbic acid metabolism in spinach”
e3“After harvesting, SoPRR5 was negatively correlated with SoVTC2”
Claim · model-written summary
Reducing SoPRR5 expression might be an alternative way to induce or maintain AsA content during storage.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Gene
- SoPRR5e4
- Outcome
- AsA contente4
- Qualifier
- might be an alternative waye4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“ascorbic acid metabolism in spinach”
e4“This finding suggested that a reduction in the SoPRR5 expression level might be an alternative way to induce/maintain AsA content during storage”
Claim · model-written summary
SoPHYA and SoZTL expression was moderately correlated with SoVTC2 expression during cultivation in spinach.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Gene
- SoPHYA and SoZTLe5
- Outcome
- moderately correlated with that of SoVTC2e5
- Qualifier
- during cultivatione5
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“ascorbic acid metabolism in spinach”
e5“the expression of the photoreceptor genes SoPHYA and SoZTL was moderately correlated with that of SoVTC2 during cultivation”
Claim · model-written summary
During storage, the correlations of photoreceptor genes with SoVTC2 were not observed even in the presence of light.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- during storage even in the presence of lighte6
- Outcome
- these correlationse6
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“ascorbic acid metabolism in spinach”
e6“Surprisingly, these correlations were not observed during storage even in the presence of light”
Claim · model-written summary
SoPHYA expression was correlated with SoGLDH expression under light/dark storage in spinach.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- under light/dark storagee7
- Gene
- SoPHYAe7
- Outcome
- correlated with that of another AsA synthesis gene, SoGLDHe7
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“ascorbic acid metabolism in spinach”
e7“Instead, SoPHYA expression was correlated with that of another AsA synthesis gene, SoGLDH, under light/dark storage”
Claim · model-written summary
Under constant dark storage, SoZTL expression showed a strong correlation with SoVTC2 in spinach.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- under constant dark storagee1
- Gene
- SoZTLe1
- Outcome
- a strong correlation with SoVTC2e1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“ascorbic acid metabolism in spinach”
e1“under constant dark storage, SoZTL expression showed a strong correlation with SoVTC2”
Claim · model-written summary
Light regulators likely contribute to maintaining AsA rhythm in spinach.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Outcome
- AsA rhythme1
- Qualifier
- contribution of light regulatorse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“ascorbic acid metabolism in spinach”
e1“indicates the contribution of light regulators to maintaining AsA rhythm in spinach”
Claim · model-written summary
AsA synthesis regulation via the clock gene LHY was stable and likely not altered by harvesting stress or external light stimuli.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Gene
- LHYe1
- Outcome
- AsA synthesis regulatione1
- Qualifier
- likely not altered by harvesting stress and/or external light stimulie1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“ascorbic acid metabolism in spinach”
e1“AsA synthesis regulation via the clock gene LHY was stable and likely not altered by harvesting stress and/or external light stimuli”
Claim · model-written summary
Harvesting practices and storage conditions altered the rhythmicity of gene expression in spinach.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- Harvesting practices and storage conditionse1
- Outcome
- rhythmicity of gene expressione1
- Direction
- alterede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“ascorbic acid metabolism in spinach”
e1“Harvesting practices and storage conditions altered the rhythmicity of gene expression in spinach”
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