Abstract
Organic acids play critical roles in fruit physiological metabolism and sensory quality. However, the conventional storage of apple fruit at 0 ± 0.1 °C cannot maintain fruit acidity efficiently. This study investigated near-freezing temperature (NFT) storage for ‘Golden Delicious’ apples, and the quality parameters, organic acid content, and malate metabolism were studied. The results indicate that NFT storage at −1.7 ± 0.1 °C effectively maintained the postharvest quality of apple fruit when compared to traditional storage at 0 ± 0.1 °C. Fruit that underwent NFT storage showed a better appearance and lower respiratory rate, ethylene production, weight loss, and malondialdehyde (MDA) content but higher firmness and soluble solids content. Further, fruit after NFT storage contained higher titratable acid (18.75%), malate (51.61%), citrate (36.59%), and succinate (2.12%) content when compared to the control after 250 days. This was achieved by maintaining higher cytosolic NAD-dependent malate dehydrogenase (cyNAD-MDH), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC), vacuolar H+-ATPase (V-ATPase), and vacuolar inorganic pyrophosphatase (V-PPase) activities that promote malate biosynthesis and accumulation while inhibiting enzyme activity that is responsible for malate decomposition, including phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase kinase (PEPCK) as well as the cytosolic NAD phosphate-dependent malic enzyme (cyNADP-ME). Further, storage at NFTs maintained a higher expression of malate biosynthesis-related genes (MdcyNAD-MDH and MdPEPC) and transport-related genes (MdVHA and MdVHP) while suppressing malate consumption-related genes (MdcyME and MdPEPCK). The results demonstrate that NFT storage could be an effective application for apple fruit, which maintains postharvest quality and alleviates organic acid degradation.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Near-freezing temperature storage at −1.7 ± 0.1 °C effectively maintained postharvest quality of apple fruit compared with traditional storage at 0 ± 0.1 °C.
- Taxon
- Apple
Malus domesticat0 - Material
- Golden Deliciouse0
- Treatment
- NFT storage at −1.7 ± 0.1 °Ce1
- Outcome
- postharvest qualitye1
- Direction
- maintainede1
- Comparator
- traditional storage at 0 ± 0.1 °Ce1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Fruit”
e0“This study investigated near-freezing temperature (NFT) storage for ‘Golden Delicious’ apples”
e1“NFT storage at −1.7 ± 0.1 °C effectively maintained the postharvest quality of apple fruit when compared to traditional storage at 0 ± 0.1 °C”
Claim · model-written summary
NFT storage lowered respiratory rate, ethylene production and weight loss of apple fruit compared with traditional storage.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- NFT storagee2
- Outcome
- respiratory rate, ethylene production, weight losse2
- Direction
- lowere2
- Comparator
- traditional storage at 0 ± 0.1 °Ce1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Fruit”
e1“NFT storage at −1.7 ± 0.1 °C effectively maintained the postharvest quality of apple fruit when compared to traditional storage at 0 ± 0.1 °C”
e2“Fruit that underwent NFT storage showed a better appearance and lower respiratory rate, ethylene production, weight loss, and malondialdehyde (MDA) content but higher firmness and soluble solids content”
Claim · model-written summary
NFT storage lowered malondialdehyde (MDA) content of apple fruit compared with traditional storage.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- NFT storagee2
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde (MDA) contente2
- Direction
- lowere2
- Comparator
- traditional storage at 0 ± 0.1 °Ce1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Fruit”
e1“NFT storage at −1.7 ± 0.1 °C effectively maintained the postharvest quality of apple fruit when compared to traditional storage at 0 ± 0.1 °C”
e2“Fruit that underwent NFT storage showed a better appearance and lower respiratory rate, ethylene production, weight loss, and malondialdehyde (MDA) content but higher firmness and soluble solids content”
Claim · model-written summary
NFT storage gave higher firmness and soluble solids content in apple fruit compared with traditional storage.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- NFT storagee2
- Outcome
- firmness and soluble solids contente2
- Direction
- highere2
- Comparator
- traditional storage at 0 ± 0.1 °Ce1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Fruit”
e1“NFT storage at −1.7 ± 0.1 °C effectively maintained the postharvest quality of apple fruit when compared to traditional storage at 0 ± 0.1 °C”
e2“Fruit that underwent NFT storage showed a better appearance and lower respiratory rate, ethylene production, weight loss, and malondialdehyde (MDA) content but higher firmness and soluble solids content”
Claim · model-written summary
NFT storage gave a better appearance of apple fruit compared with traditional storage.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- NFT storagee2
- Outcome
- appearancee2
- Direction
- bettere2
- Comparator
- traditional storage at 0 ± 0.1 °Ce1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Fruit”
e1“NFT storage at −1.7 ± 0.1 °C effectively maintained the postharvest quality of apple fruit when compared to traditional storage at 0 ± 0.1 °C”
e2“Fruit that underwent NFT storage showed a better appearance and lower respiratory rate, ethylene production, weight loss, and malondialdehyde (MDA) content but higher firmness and soluble solids content”
Claim · model-written summary
Titratable acid in apple fruit was 18.75% higher after NFT storage than in the control after 250 days.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- NFT storagee3
- Outcome
- titratable acide3
- Direction
- highere3
- Value
- 18.75%e3
- Qualifier
- after 250 dayse3
- Comparator
- controle3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Fruit”
e3“fruit after NFT storage contained higher titratable acid (18.75%), malate (51.61%), citrate (36.59%), and succinate (2.12%) content when compared to the control after 250 days”
Claim · model-written summary
Malate in apple fruit was 51.61% higher after NFT storage than in the control after 250 days.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- NFT storagee3
- Outcome
- malatee3
- Direction
- highere3
- Value
- 51.61%e3
- Qualifier
- after 250 dayse3
- Comparator
- controle3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Fruit”
e3“fruit after NFT storage contained higher titratable acid (18.75%), malate (51.61%), citrate (36.59%), and succinate (2.12%) content when compared to the control after 250 days”
Claim · model-written summary
Citrate in apple fruit was 36.59% higher after NFT storage than in the control after 250 days.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- NFT storagee3
- Outcome
- citratee3
- Direction
- highere3
- Value
- 36.59%e3
- Qualifier
- after 250 dayse3
- Comparator
- controle3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Fruit”
e3“fruit after NFT storage contained higher titratable acid (18.75%), malate (51.61%), citrate (36.59%), and succinate (2.12%) content when compared to the control after 250 days”
Claim · model-written summary
Succinate in apple fruit was 2.12% higher after NFT storage than in the control after 250 days.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- NFT storagee3
- Outcome
- succinatee3
- Direction
- highere3
- Value
- 2.12%e3
- Qualifier
- after 250 dayse3
- Comparator
- controle3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Fruit”
e3“fruit after NFT storage contained higher titratable acid (18.75%), malate (51.61%), citrate (36.59%), and succinate (2.12%) content when compared to the control after 250 days”
Claim · model-written summary
NFT storage maintained higher cyNAD-MDH activity in apple fruit.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- NFT storagee1
- Gene
- cyNAD-MDHe4
- Outcome
- activitiese4
- Direction
- highere4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Fruit”
e1“NFT storage at −1.7 ± 0.1 °C effectively maintained the postharvest quality of apple fruit when compared to traditional storage at 0 ± 0.1 °C”
e4“This was achieved by maintaining higher cytosolic NAD-dependent malate dehydrogenase (cyNAD-MDH), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC), vacuolar H+-ATPase (V-ATPase), and vacuolar inorganic pyrophosphatase (V-PPase) activities”
Claim · model-written summary
NFT storage maintained higher PEPC activity in apple fruit.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Fruit”
e1“NFT storage at −1.7 ± 0.1 °C effectively maintained the postharvest quality of apple fruit when compared to traditional storage at 0 ± 0.1 °C”
e4“This was achieved by maintaining higher cytosolic NAD-dependent malate dehydrogenase (cyNAD-MDH), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC), vacuolar H+-ATPase (V-ATPase), and vacuolar inorganic pyrophosphatase (V-PPase) activities”
Claim · model-written summary
NFT storage maintained higher V-ATPase activity in apple fruit.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Fruit”
e1“NFT storage at −1.7 ± 0.1 °C effectively maintained the postharvest quality of apple fruit when compared to traditional storage at 0 ± 0.1 °C”
e4“This was achieved by maintaining higher cytosolic NAD-dependent malate dehydrogenase (cyNAD-MDH), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC), vacuolar H+-ATPase (V-ATPase), and vacuolar inorganic pyrophosphatase (V-PPase) activities”
Claim · model-written summary
NFT storage maintained higher V-PPase activity in apple fruit.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Fruit”
e1“NFT storage at −1.7 ± 0.1 °C effectively maintained the postharvest quality of apple fruit when compared to traditional storage at 0 ± 0.1 °C”
e4“This was achieved by maintaining higher cytosolic NAD-dependent malate dehydrogenase (cyNAD-MDH), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC), vacuolar H+-ATPase (V-ATPase), and vacuolar inorganic pyrophosphatase (V-PPase) activities”
Claim · model-written summary
NFT storage inhibited PEPCK enzyme activity responsible for malate decomposition in apple fruit.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- NFT storagee1
- Gene
- PEPCKe5
- Outcome
- enzyme activitye5
- Direction
- inhibitinge5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Fruit”
e1“NFT storage at −1.7 ± 0.1 °C effectively maintained the postharvest quality of apple fruit when compared to traditional storage at 0 ± 0.1 °C”
e5“while inhibiting enzyme activity that is responsible for malate decomposition, including phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase kinase (PEPCK) as well as the cytosolic NAD phosphate-dependent malic enzyme (cyNADP-ME)”
Claim · model-written summary
NFT storage inhibited cyNADP-ME enzyme activity responsible for malate decomposition in apple fruit.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- NFT storagee1
- Gene
- cyNADP-MEe5
- Outcome
- enzyme activitye5
- Direction
- inhibitinge5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Fruit”
e1“NFT storage at −1.7 ± 0.1 °C effectively maintained the postharvest quality of apple fruit when compared to traditional storage at 0 ± 0.1 °C”
e5“while inhibiting enzyme activity that is responsible for malate decomposition, including phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase kinase (PEPCK) as well as the cytosolic NAD phosphate-dependent malic enzyme (cyNADP-ME)”
Claim · model-written summary
Storage at NFTs maintained higher expression of MdcyNAD-MDH and MdPEPC in apple fruit.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- storage at NFTse6
- Gene
- MdcyNAD-MDH and MdPEPCe6
- Outcome
- expressione6
- Direction
- highere6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Fruit”
e6“Further, storage at NFTs maintained a higher expression of malate biosynthesis-related genes (MdcyNAD-MDH and MdPEPC) and transport-related genes (MdVHA and MdVHP) while suppressing malate consumption-related genes (MdcyME and MdPEPCK)”
Claim · model-written summary
Storage at NFTs maintained higher expression of MdVHA and MdVHP in apple fruit.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- storage at NFTse6
- Gene
- MdVHA and MdVHPe6
- Outcome
- expressione6
- Direction
- highere6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Fruit”
e6“Further, storage at NFTs maintained a higher expression of malate biosynthesis-related genes (MdcyNAD-MDH and MdPEPC) and transport-related genes (MdVHA and MdVHP) while suppressing malate consumption-related genes (MdcyME and MdPEPCK)”
Claim · model-written summary
Storage at NFTs suppressed malate consumption-related genes MdcyME and MdPEPCK in apple fruit.
- Taxon
- AppleMalus domesticat0
- Treatment
- storage at NFTse6
- Gene
- MdcyME and MdPEPCKe6
- Outcome
- malate consumption-related genese6
- Direction
- suppressinge6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Fruit”
e6“Further, storage at NFTs maintained a higher expression of malate biosynthesis-related genes (MdcyNAD-MDH and MdPEPC) and transport-related genes (MdVHA and MdVHP) while suppressing malate consumption-related genes (MdcyME and MdPEPCK)”
Claim · model-written summary
NFT storage could be an effective application for apple fruit to maintain postharvest quality and alleviate organic acid degradation.
- Taxon
- apple fruitMalus domesticae7
- Treatment
- NFT storagee7
- Outcome
- effective applicatione7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Apple Fruit”
e7“The results demonstrate that NFT storage could be an effective application for apple fruit, which maintains postharvest quality and alleviates organic acid degradation”
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