Abstract
Abstract Apples (Malus domestica) and pears (Pyrus ussuriensis) are typical climacteric fruits that mature with ethylene release, resulting in a short shelf life. Wax coating is widely used as a postharvest treatment to extend shelf life and maintain fruit quality. However, its influence on fruit storage and preservation remains insufficiently explored. In this study, apples and pears were treated with various concentrations of liquid wax. The treatment delayed color change during storage, inhibited ethylene production and respiration identity, and alleviated reductions in fruit firmness, titratable acidity, and ascorbic acid (AsA) content. An in-depth investigation was conducted on fruits treated with an 80% concentration of liquid wax. Compared with the control, wax-coated fruits exhibited a denser epidermal structure, slower chlorophyll degradation and carotenoid accumulation, and alterations in soluble sugar composition, particularly a significant reduction in sucrose content. Additionally, wax coating enhanced phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity while reducing the activities of polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase. These changes in enzymatic activity inhibited the declines in total phenolic and total flavonoid contents and suppressed the accumulation of malondialdehyde, superoxide anion, and hydrogen peroxide. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis further indicated that wax coating altered the expression levels of genes associated with these physiological responses. Collectively, these findings suggested that wax coating formed a protective film on the fruit surface, effectively delaying ripening, preserving nutritional quality, and enhancing antioxidant capacity. This study provides novel theoretical insights into the postharvest storage and preservation of climacteric fruits.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Wax treatment delayed color change during storage in apples and pears.
- Taxon
- Apples (Malus domestica) and pears (Pyrus ussuriensis)
Malus domestica
Pyrus ussuriensise1 - Treatment
- liquid waxe2
- Outcome
- color changee0
- Direction
- delayede0
- Setting
- during storagee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The treatment delayed color change during storage”
e1“Apples (Malus domestica) and pears (Pyrus ussuriensis)”
e2“treated with various concentrations of liquid wax”
Claim · model-written summary
Wax treatment inhibited ethylene production and respiration in apples and pears.
- Taxon
- Apples (Malus domestica) and pears (Pyrus ussuriensis)Malus domesticaPyrus ussuriensise1
- Treatment
- liquid waxe2
- Outcome
- ethylene production and respiration identitye0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“inhibited ethylene production and respiration identity”
e1“Apples (Malus domestica) and pears (Pyrus ussuriensis)”
e2“treated with various concentrations of liquid wax”
Claim · model-written summary
Wax treatment alleviated losses of firmness, titratable acidity and ascorbic acid in apples and pears.
- Taxon
- Apples (Malus domestica) and pears (Pyrus ussuriensis)Malus domesticaPyrus ussuriensise1
- Treatment
- liquid waxe2
- Outcome
- fruit firmness, titratable acidity, and ascorbic acid (AsA) contente0
- Direction
- alleviated reductionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“alleviated reductions in fruit firmness, titratable acidity, and ascorbic acid (AsA) content.”
e1“Apples (Malus domestica) and pears (Pyrus ussuriensis)”
e2“treated with various concentrations of liquid wax”
Claim · model-written summary
At 80% wax, coated fruit had a denser epidermal structure than controls.
- Taxon
- Apples (Malus domestica) and pears (Pyrus ussuriensis)Malus domesticaPyrus ussuriensise1
- Treatment
- 80% concentration of liquid waxe0
- Outcome
- epidermal structuree0
- Direction
- densere0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fruits treated with an 80% concentration of liquid wax. Compared with the control, wax-coated fruits exhibited a denser epidermal structure”
e1“Apples (Malus domestica) and pears (Pyrus ussuriensis)”
Claim · model-written summary
At 80% wax, chlorophyll degradation was slower than in controls.
- Taxon
- Apples (Malus domestica) and pears (Pyrus ussuriensis)Malus domesticaPyrus ussuriensise1
- Treatment
- 80% concentration of liquid waxe0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll degradatione0
- Direction
- slowere0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fruits treated with an 80% concentration of liquid wax. Compared with the control, wax-coated fruits exhibited a denser epidermal structure, slower chlorophyll degradation and carotenoid accumulation”
e1“Apples (Malus domestica) and pears (Pyrus ussuriensis)”
Claim · model-written summary
At 80% wax, carotenoid accumulation was slower than in controls.
- Taxon
- Apples (Malus domestica) and pears (Pyrus ussuriensis)Malus domesticaPyrus ussuriensise1
- Treatment
- 80% concentration of liquid waxe0
- Outcome
- carotenoid accumulatione0
- Direction
- slowere0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fruits treated with an 80% concentration of liquid wax. Compared with the control, wax-coated fruits exhibited a denser epidermal structure, slower chlorophyll degradation and carotenoid accumulation”
e1“Apples (Malus domestica) and pears (Pyrus ussuriensis)”
Claim · model-written summary
Wax coating significantly reduced sucrose content and changed soluble sugar composition.
- Taxon
- Apples (Malus domestica) and pears (Pyrus ussuriensis)Malus domesticaPyrus ussuriensise1
- Treatment
- 80% concentration of liquid waxe2
- Outcome
- sucrose contente0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“wax-coated fruits exhibited a denser epidermal structure, slower chlorophyll degradation and carotenoid accumulation, and alterations in soluble sugar composition, particularly a significant reduction in sucrose content.”
e1“Apples (Malus domestica) and pears (Pyrus ussuriensis)”
e2“80% concentration of liquid wax”
Claim · model-written summary
Wax coating enhanced phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity.
- Taxon
- Apples (Malus domestica) and pears (Pyrus ussuriensis)Malus domesticaPyrus ussuriensise1
- Treatment
- wax coatinge0
- Gene
- phenylalanine ammonia-lyasee0
- Outcome
- phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activitye0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“wax coating enhanced phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity”
e1“Apples (Malus domestica) and pears (Pyrus ussuriensis)”
Claim · model-written summary
Wax coating reduced polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities.
- Taxon
- Apples (Malus domestica) and pears (Pyrus ussuriensis)Malus domesticaPyrus ussuriensise1
- Treatment
- wax coatinge0
- Outcome
- activities of polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutasee0
- Direction
- reducinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“wax coating enhanced phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity while reducing the activities of polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase.”
e1“Apples (Malus domestica) and pears (Pyrus ussuriensis)”
Claim · model-written summary
Wax coating reduced catalase activity.
- Taxon
- Apples (Malus domestica) and pears (Pyrus ussuriensis)Malus domesticaPyrus ussuriensise1
- Treatment
- wax coatinge0
- Gene
- catalasee0
- Outcome
- catalasee0
- Direction
- reducinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“wax coating enhanced phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity while reducing the activities of polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase.”
e1“Apples (Malus domestica) and pears (Pyrus ussuriensis)”
Claim · model-written summary
Wax coating inhibited declines in total phenolics and flavonoids.
- Taxon
- Apples (Malus domestica) and pears (Pyrus ussuriensis)Malus domesticaPyrus ussuriensise2
- Treatment
- wax coatinge1
- Outcome
- total phenolic and total flavonoid contentse0
- Direction
- inhibited the declinese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These changes in enzymatic activity inhibited the declines in total phenolic and total flavonoid contents”
e1“wax coating enhanced phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity”
e2“Apples (Malus domestica) and pears (Pyrus ussuriensis)”
Claim · model-written summary
Wax coating suppressed accumulation of malondialdehyde, superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide.
- Taxon
- Apples (Malus domestica) and pears (Pyrus ussuriensis)Malus domesticaPyrus ussuriensise2
- Treatment
- wax coatinge1
- Outcome
- accumulation of malondialdehyde, superoxide anion, and hydrogen peroxidee0
- Direction
- suppressede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“suppressed the accumulation of malondialdehyde, superoxide anion, and hydrogen peroxide.”
e1“wax coating enhanced phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity”
e2“Apples (Malus domestica) and pears (Pyrus ussuriensis)”
Claim · model-written summary
Wax coating altered expression of genes associated with the measured physiological responses.
- Taxon
- Apples (Malus domestica) and pears (Pyrus ussuriensis)Malus domesticaPyrus ussuriensise1
- Treatment
- wax coatinge0
- Outcome
- expression levels of genes associated with these physiological responsese0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“wax coating altered the expression levels of genes associated with these physiological responses.”
e1“Apples (Malus domestica) and pears (Pyrus ussuriensis)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer that wax coating forms a protective film and delays ripening while preserving nutritional quality and antioxidant capacity.
- Taxon
- Apples (Malus domestica) and pears (Pyrus ussuriensis)Malus domesticaPyrus ussuriensise1
- Treatment
- wax coatinge0
- Outcome
- delaying ripening, preserving nutritional quality, and enhancing antioxidant capacitye0
- Qualifier
- protective film on the fruit surfacee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“wax coating formed a protective film on the fruit surface, effectively delaying ripening, preserving nutritional quality, and enhancing antioxidant capacity.”
e1“Apples (Malus domestica) and pears (Pyrus ussuriensis)”
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See all 41 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.